Psych final- Adolescence
Almost _____ of all high school students use technology more than 3 hours a day; ______ used video games to escape from problems, and ______ had "done poorly on a school assignment or test" because of spending too much time on video games.
1/3; 1/4; 1/5
Most girls must weigh at least _____ pounds before experiencing first period. Do urban or rural children reach puberty sooner?
100; urban children (more often overfed and under-exercised)
Egocentrism to abstract logic occurs between ages ___ and ___
11 and 18
Visible onset of puberty begins most likely around age __ or ___. The rise in hormone levels that signals puberty is considered normal in those as young as age __ or as old as age __.
11 or 12; 8, 14
One study found that ___ percent of the boys and ___ percent of the girls were addicted to playing video games.
12%; 3%
the typical age for spermarche is ___, close to the age for menarche.
13 years old
PISA is taken by __-year olds in 50 nations and is designed to measure:
15 years olds; problem solving and cognition in daily life
There are _____ adrenal glands, located above the ________, that produce hormones, including __________ and ____________.
2; kidneys, epinephrine; norepinephrine
puberty lasts __-__ years.
3-5
Reported incidents of sexting have been as high as ___%
30%
secondary education refers to grades __-__ and usually occurs b/w ages ___ and ___.
7 through 12; 12 and 18
___ percent of high school graduates enter college
70%
Precocious puberty refers to sexual development before age __.
8
________ provided by electronic technology often brings out the worst in people. _________ may contribute to dangerous, self-destructive behavior of victim.
Anonymity; cyberbullying
At which of the following ages would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest? a. 8 b. 12 c. 16 d. 18
B
Why has secular trend has stopped in developed nations?
childhood obesity and new chemicals
What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection?
chlamydia
In the US, pushing high school students may result in:
college readiness or dropping out of high school
______-maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing.
early
For both boys and girls, early puberty correlates with:
early sexual activity
___________ girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image.
early-maturing girls
Before the technology explosion, egocentric thought decreased with _______, ________, and _________.
education, conversation, and experience
The entity approach to intelligence rejects idea that:
effort enhances achievement
Rational judgment is difficult when ________ _______ dominate. Experience in __________ and ________ facilitates more accurate use of analysis.
egocentric emotions; decision-making and thinking
_________ is the sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen
estradiol
With sexual abuse, ________ are most likely to abuse. ______ are more often victims, which are often ________ and __________
family members; girls; isolated, uninformed
In college, teachers assume students have mastered ______ ________, instead of teaching how to do it.
formal thinking
Why are teenage girls more susceptible to STIs that adult women?
fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs.
intuitive thought is influenced by _________ and _________.
past experiences and cultural assumptions
hypothetical thought transforms _________,
perceptions
Adolescents experience _____ in sleep-wake cycles, making many wide awake at midnight, but half asleep all morning.
phase delay
The pituitary responds to a signal from the __________ by:
pituitary; producing many hormones
Slower maturing of the prefrontal cortex makes _________ compelling to adolescents. Teens seek excitement and pleasure, esp. the social pleasure of a peer's __________.
powerful sensations; admiration
_____________, sexual development before age 8, occurs about once in 5,000 children, for unknown reasons.
precocious puberty
Formal operational thought can be seen in comparison between ________ and ________
primary school and high school
In middle school, ________ _______ can be difficult and many students seek peer acceptance.
public acclaim
Adolescents who feel psychologically invincible tend to be ________.
resilient
Previous research suggests egocentrism fosters adolescent ______. Current perspectives propose egocentrism may be _______.
risk-taking; protective
Data on puberty over the centuries that reveals a ___________, bc each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one.
secular trend
Often, communication via the Internet bolsters fragile _______.
self-esteem
The rate of _______ increases at puberty, and most likely to occur in __________.
sexual abuse; early adolscence
3 ways of coping with middle school:
1) Blaming others 2) Entity approach to intelligence 3) Incremental approach to intelligence
The first year in any new school correlates with:
1) increased bullying 2) decreased achievement 3) depression 4) eating disorders
1) bottom-up reasoning: 2) top-down reasoning:
1) inductive 2) deductive
Nations with high high school graduation rates also rank highest in:
1) preschool attendance 2) middle school achievement 3) college graduation
3 things technology encourages:
1) rapid shifts of attention 2) multitasking without reflection 3) visual learning instead of invisible analysis
Stress comes quickly with hormonal onset of puberty, especially if: (2)
1) sick, addicted or divorced parents 2) violent, impoverished neighborhood
2 logical fallacies in adolescence:
1) sunk cost fallacy 2) base rate neglect
Which comes first? 1) Height or weight increase: 2) Torso or limbs: 3) Height spurt or muscle spurt: 4) wt/ht or muscles and organs:
1) weight 2) limbs 3) height spurt 4) weight and height
adolescent egocentrism was first described by
David Elkind
Children who have a relatively large proportion of _________ experience puberty sooner than do their contemporaries
body fat
Fourth and final stage of cognitive development
Formal operational thought
Piaget's idea of concrete operational to formal operational is similar to:
Kahneman's System 1 to System 2
Why is there less susceptibility to respiratory ailments upon puberty?
Lymphoid system decreases in size
Time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
Puberty
The gap between Asian/White and the three other racial groups with rising graduation rates is almost always the result of differences in __________.
SES
Puberty begins with:
a marked increase in hormones
adolescent egocentrism leads to interpretation of everyone else's behavior as:
a personal judgment
Although developmental psychologists find that adolescents learn best when they are __________________, many school systems report that teenagers are easier to control when they are taking tests or reciting scripture.
actively engaged with ideas
A surge of hormones affects the _______, _______, and _______ before any visible sign of puberty appear.
body, brain, and behavior
The most notable digital divide is _____
age
Testosterone is the best known sex hormone of the _________.
androgens
It is said that adolescence begins with _______ and ends with __________.
biology; culture
inductive reasoning results in a general ________, whereas deductive reasoning results in a general ________.
conclusion; principle
Children, as ________ ________ thinkers, are likely to draw conclusions on the basis of _______________ and _____________. This is called ________ reasoning. Adolescents can think _________.
concrete operational; their own experiences and what they have been told; inductive reasoning; deductively
________ regions involving impulse control continue to develop through early adulthood. _______ regions involving sensation seeking develop rapidly after puberty.
cortical; subcortical
_________ is particularly prevalent between ages 11-14
cyberbullying
Involves reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics
deductive reasoning
Slow developing boys tend to be more ________, ________, and afraid of ______.
depressed, anxious, afraid of sex
Today's teenagers are ________ who take technology for granted
digital natives
______ matter is reduced as ______ matter increases, in part because pruning during the teen years allows intellectual connections to build.
gray; white
The first VISIBLE sign of puberty in boys is:
growth of the testicles
About ____ of adult bone mass is acquired between the ages of 10 and 20.
half
Gonads are paired sex glands that produce _______ and ________
hormones and gametes
Boys' sexual desires are more influenced by _________ and girls by _________.
hormones; culture
Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the ____________ to the ________. Which, in turn, signals the ___________ or the _______ to produce more of their hormones
hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal glands; gonads
_________ includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
hypothetical thought
High emotions can affect __________.
impulse control
High school graduation rates in almost every nation and ethnic group are _______. Ethnic variations still persist, with the rate among _________ lowest and among _________ highest.
increasing; Native-Americans; Asian-Americans
____________ poses that intelligence can be directly increased by effort
incremental approach to intelligence
Involves reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion
inductive reasoning
Erections can occur as early as _______, but _________ signals sperm production.
infancy; ejaculation
Neurological research finds that the reward parts of adolescents' brains are far stronger than ________ parts.
inhibition
What are the 2 modes of thinking
intuition and analysis
adolescents tend to rely more on _________ thinking than do adults. As we age, we move toward more ________ __________.
intuitive; analytic processing
Many adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins or minerals such as ____, _______, ________, which are needed for muscle and bone growth.
iron, zinc, calcium
The hormone _________ increases during childhood and peaks at around age 12 and may affect onset of puberty
leptin
inductive reasoning may be ______ cognitively advanced than deduction
less
Egocentrism makes base rate neglect more ______ and more _______.
likely; personal
Analytic thought depends on _______ and ________.
logic and rationality
Since the hypothalamus and the pituitary regulate the hormones that affect the biorhythms, _________ is particularly likely among adolescents.
sleep deprivation
Which complication is associated with teen pregnancy?
spontaneous abortion
Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between _______ and early puberty
stress
______ and _______ encourage sex at a young age. Early sex correlates with _________ and ________.
taboo and early sex; depression and drug abuse
The last part of the adolescent body to be fully formed is the:
torso
Endurance improves because the lungs ______ in weight and the heart ______ in size
triple; heart
About _______ of the variation in age of puberty is genetic. Genes on the ____ ____________ have a marked effect on age of puberty.
two-thirds; sex chromosomes
research found that the average person played video games ____ hours a day. Some played much more, and only __% of the boys and ___% of the girls never played
two; 3%; 21%
During the growth spurt, first there is an increase in ______, then an increase in _______, and finally an increase in _______.
weight, height, muscles
Overall, the U.S. students did _____ on the PISA than on the PIRLS or TIMSS.
worse