Psych Final Exam

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. synapses b. neurotransmitters c. dendrites d. axons

a. synapses

Which of the following is a depressant? a. cocaine b. opioids c. LSD d. amphetamines

b. opioids

The first effective drug for the treatment of bipolar disorders was _______.

Lithium

The state of frenzied energy in which people have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking is called _______.

Mania

People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be _____ than they were 50 years ago. a. hospitalized in mental institutions b. medicated with psychotropic drugs c. homeless or in prison d.treated in outpatient facilities

a. hospitalized in mental institutions

Which is a negative effect of cannabis use? a. Strong withdrawal symptoms upon stopping b. Decrease in fertility c. Significantly increased pulse and heart rate d. Increased possibility of stroke

b. Decrease in fertility

Which statement BEST describes why treatment outcomes vary in clients? a. Success of treatment is almost entirely dependent on the client's expectations regarding therapy. b. Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes. c. A large number of clinicians do not use standardized rating scales to monitor client progress during therapy. d. Clients commonly try to self-medicate and manage their symptoms on their own rather than adhering to prescribed therapies

b. Many factors, both on the client side and on the clinician side, can affect therapy outcomes

Episodes of overeating followed by vomiting characterize the eating disorder termed _______, or binge-purge syndrome.

bulimia nervosa

If you think you are being manipulated by aliens, this can be considered a delusion of _______.

control

Which test is NOT a projective test? a. Rorschach test b. Draw-a-Person test c. Thematic Apperception Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

The specific assessment technique in which clinicians observe clients in their everyday environment, such as at school or in the home, is called _______.

naturalistic observation

Outline a treatment plan for someone experiencing anorexia that includes the two main goals of treatment, the short-term and long-term treatment objectives, and the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

A treatment plan for someone experiencing anorexia would be to restore normal weight and eating habits. The short term objective is to have the patient be able to eat food. The long term objective is to obtain a healthy weight. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to help the patient be more positive about the treatment and how they look at themselves.

Rhonda constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. She is mostly concerned that she will panic, and it will be hard for her to get help. Most likely, she would be diagnosed with _______.

Agoraphobia

The ________ model focuses on maladaptive behaviors and/or thoughts in understanding and treating psychological abnormality.

Cognitive-Behavioral

Repetitive and rigid activities that a person feels forced to perform are called _______.

Compulsions

We talked about "The Four Ds" with regard to defining psychological abnormality. a) First, list these words and explain what each means. b) Describe a behavior that you would NOT consider abnormal, despite showing one of these features of abnormality.

Deviance- Not following social standards Distress- severe anxiety Dysfunction- going away from the norms of social behavior Danger- something that could cause harm or injury

Suppose a researcher found a strong positive correlation between study time and exam performance. Does this mean that studying more causes higher scores? What is an alternate explanation? Describe an experimental design that could address this causal question.

If there were to be a strong positive correlation between study time and exam performance it does not necessarily mean that it causes higher scores. A strong positive correlation does not mean that it will always cause a certain behavior, but that it is more likely to occur. Such as in this study, studying more will increase the chance of the exam score being high. A good experimental design to show this would to have two groups, one that studies for a long period of time and one that studies a very little amount or not at all and then see the difference in the exam performance.

A physician (with an MD) who offers psychotherapy is called a ________.

Psychiatrist

Jodi's therapist believes that her drug problem stems from dependence caused by unresolved conflicts in her relationship with her parents. Her therapist's point of view is _______.

Psychodynamic

Imagine I have designed a new depression inventory. What are validity and reliability, and how could I establish them?

Reliability is the measurement of the consistency of test results. Validity is the measurement of how valid or accurate the test results are of the assessment tool. You could establish the reliability and validity by comparing its results to those of another experiment that has similar data.

The view that physical causes are at the root of mental illnesses is called the _______ perspective.

Somatogenic

How would the biological model explain someone's anxiety? How would the psychodynamic model explain anxiety?

The biological model would explain anxiety with how the brain is functioning. The psychodynamic model would explain anxiety with the ego, superego, and id.

What evidence exists to support the biological view of unipolar depression? Discuss at least two biological factors implicated in this model.

The evidence that supports the biological view of unipolar depression would be the brain circuits, immune system, biochemical factors, and the genetic factors. The biochemical factors would be the low activity of norepinephrine and serotonin. The brain circuits would consist of not normal connectivity in the brain.

According to Hilde Bruch, which is an example of ineffective parenting that could make children prone to eating disorders? a. Parents feed anxious children and comfort tired ones. b. Parents feed children too little. c. Parents feed children crying from hunger and comfort ones crying from fear. d. Parents feed children too much, regardless of whether they are crying.

a. Parents feed anxious children and comfort tired ones.

For the past 9 months, Joan has been taking a conventional antipsychotic drug to treat symptoms associated with her diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although she has fewer auditory hallucinations, Joan now experiences muscle tremors and rigidity to the point where she can no longer dress herself. It is likely that she is experiencing: a. Parkinsonian symptoms. b. neuroleptic malignant syndrome. c. tardive dyskinesia. d. catatonia

a. Parkinsonian symptoms.

Fear differs from anxiety in that: a. fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general. b. anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague. c. anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. d. fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.

a. fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.

A college-aged woman with a history of dieting has significantly reduced her food intake. She views her constant hunger pains as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating. Her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still thinks she is overweight. You suspect possible anorexia nervosa. Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa? a. fear of becoming overweight b. history of being a picky eater c. a history of mental illness d. extroverted personality

a. fear of becoming overweight

A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n): a. masked design. b. experiment. c. random-assignment design. d. matched control group design.

a. masked design

When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. This is an example of behavior modification using: a. operant conditioning. b. exposure therapy. c. classical conditioning. d. modeling.

a. operant conditioning.

According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts: a. the immoral images represent id impulses. b. the superego is helping the person to avoid id impulses. c. ego defenses are not present. d. the scrubbing represents a healthy coping response.

a. the immoral images represent id impulses.

Which statement about the various viewpoints of clinical psychology is TRUE? a. There are various perspectives, but the differences between them are so small that they don't matter. b. Various perspectives coexist, and they often conflict and compete with one another. c. Only the biological perspective has any merit. d. Although many perspectives exist, the psychoanalytic perspective remains the dominant perspective in the field.

b. Various perspectives coexist, and they often conflict and compete with one another.

If a physician wanted to relieve a patient's anxiety with a treatment that carries a lesser risk of drowsiness, overdose, and slowed breathing, the physician should prescribe: a. barbiturates b. benzodiazepines c. cocaine d. alcohol

b. benzodiazepines

A client diagnosed with schizophrenia has begun to exhibit new symptoms, often saying, "They tell me I'm crazy, so I must be crazy." This MOST likely is an example of: a. therapist bias. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. nomothetic disturbance. d. learned helplessness

b. self-fulfilling prophecy.

Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. b. social factors leading to stress. c. irrational patterns of thinking. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning.

b. social factors leading to stress.

An example of a cognitive symptom of unipolar depression is: a. overeating. b. viewing onself as inadequate. c. avoiding interactions with friends. d. feeling dizzy.

b. viewing oneself as inadequate.

Cocaine appears to produce its effects primarily through triggering the release of excessive amounts of _____ in the brain. a. serotonin b. GABA c. dopamine d. norepinephrine

c. dopamine

It is thought that people in prehistoric societies believed abnormal behavior resulted from: a. advancing age. b. a person not having a soul. c. evil spirits that invaded the body. d. a state of being disconnected from the Earth and nature.

c. evil spirits that invaded the body.

Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder? a. niece b. sister c. identical twin d. child

c. identical twin

In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the: a. dependent variable. b. confounding variable. c. independent variable. d. alternative variable.

c. independent variable

The neurotransmitter GABA acts by: a. increasing neuronal firing in the brain. b. intensifying the strength of neuronal firing. c. inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain. d. doubling of the rate of neuronal firing.

c. inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the: a. ego ideal. b. ego. c. superego. d. id.

c. superego.

The study design in which a researcher meets with a single research participant and interviews, tests, and/or physically evaluates that person to develop a detailed description of the person's life and psychological problem is called a(n) _______.

case study

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that losses that happen early in life, such as the death of a father, are associated with depression later in life? a. Cognitive-behavioral b. Humanistic c. Biochemical d. Psychodynamic

d. Psychodynamic

MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs? a. They block synapses that release norepinephrine. b. They stimulate serotonin production. c. They raise the levels of monoamine oxidase in the brain. d. They interfere with the break down of serotonin and norepinephrine.

d. They interfere with the break down of serotonin and norepinephrine.

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? a. psychodynamic b. existential c. biological d. cognitive-behavioral

d. cognitive-behavioral

If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: a. psychodynamic therapy. b. cognitive-existential therapy. c. client-centered therapy. d. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

d. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Dr. Garcia has just asked a potential client to talk about herself. After the client responds, the clinician asks a question based on an interesting point the client made. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Garcia has just: a. used free association. b. completed a response inventory. c. employed a projective test. d. conducted an unstructured interview.

d. conducted an unstructured interview.

A researcher randomly assigned participants to two groups. Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; group B received no drugs at any point. In this study, group A was the: a. cross-sectional group. b. correlational group. c. control group. d. experimental group.

d. experimental group.

For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. This principle is called: a. benefit analysis. b. privacy. c. risk disclosure. d. informed consent.

d. informed consent

Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more: a. hospital focused. b. positive. c. dependent on the use of medications. d. multicultural.

d. multicultural.

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the: a. residual phase. b. premorbid phase. c. active phase. d. prodromal phase.

d. prodromal phase.

The DSM-5 requires clinicians to include severity as part of a proper diagnosis. This is considered _______ information.

dimensional

First-generation antipsychotic drugs block excessive activity of the neurotransmitter _______.

dopamine

______ studies reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population.

epidemiological

The _____ approach emphasizes living an authentic life and prioritizes accurate self-awareness.

existentialist

A therapist exposes a patient with bulimia to a binge-inducing stimulus and then prevents binge eating. This therapy approach is called _______.

exposure and response prevention.

A substance that may change someone's perception of color or make someone see things that aren't really there is called a(n) _______.

hallucinogen

Compare and contrast the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Give at least 2 examples of each.

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia would best be summarized as hallucinations and delusions. It also includes disorganized thinking and speech. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia would consist of not having any emotion and social withdrawal.

Define tolerance, withdrawal, and substance use disorder. As a clinician, which signs and symptoms would you assess for to determine whether someone meets the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder? Be specific in describing the symptoms.

Tolerance is the amount of drugs that are able to be taken, withdrawal are the effects from going off of drugs and substance use disorder is the constant use of a drug that affects someones life. The signs and symptoms I would assess for to determine whether someone meets the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder would be the constant use of a drug, the inability to get off said drug, and being unsuccessful in completing life duties such as going to work, caring for a family, being motivated, being with friends, etc.

a) Describe the major features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. b) Pick a theoretical orientation (e.g., sociocultural or cognitive-behavioral). Describe this view's perspective on GAD and its treatment.

a) The major themes of Generalized Anxiety Disorder are edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, muscle tension, sleep problems, and irritability. b) Cognitive-behavioral perspective: "problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking often cause psychological disorders". It's treatments are to change the maladaptive assumptions (RET).

Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." Based on research, what is the BEST response? a. "Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia." b. "You should be scared. Mentally ill homeless people are usually violent." c. "It's true that most homeless people experience a serious psychotic disorder." d. "That's a big myth. Virtually no homeless people are truly schizophrenic."

a. "Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia."