Psych Final

Which situation is likely to involve the least stereotyped sexual behavior? A) Two wolves engage in a mating ritual. C) Students attend a sorority-fraternity mixer. B) Rats mate with one another in a science lab. D) A female rat displays the lordosis posture.

D) A female rat displays the lordosis posture.

Which of the following five-factor personality traits is most clearly related to Freud's concept of anal fixation? A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Neuroticism D) Conscientiousness

D) Conscientiousness

Mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSR) pairs relaxation with attention to the present moment. Which of the following would be an acceptable exercise in the practice of MBSR? A) Calmly working through problems of the day C) Humming along with a favorite song B) Organizing errands into a list D) Focusing on sensations in the shoulders

D) Focusing on sensations in the shoulders

Which of the following is true? A) Humanistic psychologists resist scientific tests of treatment approaches. B) Humanistic theories are pessimistic about human nature. C) Humanistic psychologists emphasize unconscious processes. D) Humanistic therapy encourages creation of a safe, non-judgmental relationship.

D) Humanistic therapy encourages creation of a safe, non-judgmental relationship.

According to the Mayo clinic's recommendations for stress relief, which of the following is most likely to alleviate stress during final exam periods? A) Socializing instead of studying, because social connections can lead to stress reduction B) Eating comfort foods, such as tea, toast, hot chocolate, and macaroni and cheese C) Spending all of your time alone to keep your mind clear and focused D) Interrupting your studying for occasional short walks, stretching, or mediation

D) Interrupting your studying for occasional short walks, stretching, or mediation

Which personality traits are predicted by high reactive temperament? A) High neuroticism, high extraversion, and high conscientiousness B) High neuroticism, low extraversion, and high conscientiousness C) Low neuroticism, high extraversion, and low conscientiousness D) Low neuroticism, low extraversion, and low conscientiousness

D) Low neuroticism, low extraversion, and low conscientiousness?

Which is an example of a physiological need in Maslow's pyramid of needs? A) Sexual intimacy B) Friendship C) Employment stability D) Sex

D) Sex

A jealous, competitive woman is meeting her boyfriend's ex-wife for the first time. She extends her hand and says, "Nice to beat you." This is an example of A) free association. B) latent fixation. C) sublimation. D) a Freudian slip.

D) a Freudian slip.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is A) a measure of the big five traits. C) no longer used, due to poor validity. B) a widely used projective test. D) a standardized measure of psychological problems.

D) a standardized measure of psychological problems.

Sometimes in genetic females, the adrenal glands grow too large and secrete more testosterone than is normal for a girl. In extreme cases, these girls can be mistaken for boys at birth because of the effect of the testosterone on the development of genitals. This condition is called A) androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). C) body dysmorphia. B) adrenal dysmorphia. D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Sexual orientation is the A) formation of a person's sexual identity. B) formation of a person's gender identity. C) organization of the sexual behaviors of a person's peers. D) direction of a person's sexual interest.

D) direction of a person's sexual interest.

If you are a sports fan and your team wins a big game, the pleasure you feel is likely the result of _______ release in the _______. A) dopamine; hypothalamus C) serotonin; hypothalamus B) norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens D) dopamine; nucleus accumbens

D) dopamine; nucleus accumbens

The amygdala is the brain structure that produces A) happiness. B) pleasure. C) sadness. D) fear

D) fear

Omar is talkative, confident, and easily bored. Eysenck would consider Omar to be A) high in agreeableness. B) low in neuroticism. C) low in conscientiousness. D) high in extraversion.

D) high in extraversion.

A main difference between human and non-human animal sexual behavior is that A) sexual behavior in humans is not activated by hormones. B) humans are not concerned with pleasing their partners during sex. C) humans display no variation in sexual position or behavior from bout to bout. D) humans display a greater variety of sexual acts and positions than non-human animals.

D) humans display a greater variety of sexual acts and positions than non-human animals.

The Rorschach test has been criticized because A) it is valid only for people with emotional disturbances. B) there is not enough flexibility in interpreting the test. C) it takes too many sessions to administer. D) interpretations are quite different across therapists.

D) interpretations are quite different across therapists.

A cigarette smoker has been experiencing headaches, insomnia, anxiety, and depression between cigarettes. It is likely that she A) smokes cigarettes and drinks alcohol simultaneously. B) smokes at least a pack of cigarettes every day. C) has a great deal of stress in many parts of her life. D) is undergoing the effects of nicotine withdrawal.

D) is undergoing the effects of nicotine withdrawal.

Though hormones do not dictate which sexual behaviors humans display, they do play a role in the motivation to have sex, also known as A) vibrato. B) castration. C) coitus. D) libido.

D) libido.

Though the type A / type B dichotomy resonates in popular culture, it is possible that the personality dimension that accounts for our stress reactions is A) openness. B) conscientiousness. C) agreeableness. D) neuroticism.

D) neuroticism.

Suppression of the immune system often results from A) proliferation of bacteria. C) positive social interaction. B) parasympathetic activation. D) prolonged periods of stress

D) prolonged periods of stress

Projective tests are designed to A) assess the client's stage of psychosexual development. B) help clients identify their treatment goals. C) measure clients' perspectives on their problems. D) reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings

D) reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings

When we're escaping from danger, like a fire, our _______ nervous system, is active. When we're digesting food, our _______ nervous system is active. A) sympathetic; monochromatic C) parasympathetic; automatic B) somatic; sympathetic D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

What is the main implication of the feedback arrow? A) It shows that both autonomic arousal and context will affect interpretation of any emotional experience. B) It shows that both stimulus and context play a greater role in the interpretation of emotion than arousal. C) It shows that arousal plays a greater role in the interpretation of emotion than context. D) It shows that our emotional experiences follow a fixed process that is out of our control.

A) It shows that both autonomic arousal and context will affect interpretation of any emotional experience.

You awake in the night to the sound of a crash nearby. Immediately your heart begins racing as you simultaneously experience intense fear. Which theory does this experience support? A) James-Lange theory C) Cannon-Bard theory B) Physiological arousal theory D) Schachter-Singer theory

A) James-Lange theory

Which of the following most accurately describes this individual's personality? A) Kind, sociable, and interested in new adventures, but somewhat irresponsible B) Relaxed, enthusiastic, friendly, and responsible C) Calm and adventurous, but also irresponsible and unfriendly D) Unfriendly, conservative, anxious, and responsible

A) Kind, sociable, and interested in new adventures, but somewhat irresponsible

The graph presents results of a study in which men and women were approached by a stranger of the opposite sex and asked one of the questions shown. Based on this graph, how do men and women differ in terms of sexual interest? A) Men seem to be more willing than women to have casual sex. B) An equal number of men and women were willing to go to the stranger's apartment. C) Men are much less likely to take the stranger's sexual advances seriously. D) Women are much more likely to agree to engage in sexual relations after the first date.

A) Men seem to be more willing than women to have casual sex.

Which dimension of stress refers to the actual events and stimuli that threaten us? A) Stressor B) Stress evaluation C) Stress response D) Stress syndrome

A) Stressor

What is true about the role played by the stimulus in emotional experience? A) The effect of the context generally outweighs the intensity of the stimulus. B) Even if the stimulus is unnoticed, it will weigh heavily on the interpretation of emotion. C) Autonomic response to the stimulus has no bearing on emotional outcome or intensity of feedback. D) An intense stimulus can outweigh the context and provide intense feedback to emotional experience.

A) The effect of the context generally outweighs the intensity of the stimulus.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following situations is likely to produce the desired effect? A) You spend all day smiling in hopes of reducing your sadness about a recent breakup. B) You spend all day frowning in hopes of purging the sad feelings you have about a death of a pet. C) You spend all day gritting your teeth to get rid of your frustration with your psychology teacher. D) You try to garner sympathy for your recent break-up by looking distraught all day

A) You spend all day smiling in hopes of reducing your sadness about a recent breakup.

Strict behaviorists like B. F. Skinner see personality as A) a pattern of behavior based on consistent environmental responses. B) fixed by early childhood environment. C) an irrelevant concept because behavior is so variable. D) rooted in genetic factors.

A) a pattern of behavior based on consistent environmental responses.

In general, the stress system calls for body reactions in humans that A) are only good for us in the short run. B) are best managed over an extended period of time. C) lead to increased resilience over long periods of time. D) promote the long-term health of the immune system.

A) are only good for us in the short run.

Which of the following true-false questions would most likely be used on a lie scale? A) "Sometimes I worry about my health." C) "I am a fairly easygoing person." B) "I have never disliked anyone." D) "I prefer spending time alone."

B) "I have never disliked anyone."

Which factor is a positive external motivating force? A) The physiological need for food B) A reward C) Social disapproval D) Hormone levels

B) A reward

Which statement provides the best support for the conclusions in the Schachter and Singer experiment involving epinephrine injections? A) Epinephrine has no measurable effect on emotional experiences. B) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is only part of the reason people experience specific emotions. C) Observing anger causes people to respond angrily, themselves. D) People who observe others being shy tend to act aggressively.

B) Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is only part of the reason people experience specific emotions.

In a demonstration, a teacher asked a group of students to rate the accuracy of their horoscopes for the day. Though the teacher said the horoscopes were matched to astrological signs, she secretly gave everyone a horoscope reading, "Some tasks will take longer than expected today, but you will feel supported by friends." Which of the following would explain why most students rated this horoscope as accurate? A) Strong validity B) Confirmation bias C) Latent content D) Rationalization

B) Confirmation bias

According to the fraternal birth order effect, which of the following is the most likely to be homosexual? A) Brett, the first born of five male children C) Esther, the first born of two female children B) Geoff, the last born of five male children D) Lisa, the last born of five female children

B) Geoff, the last born of five male children

After his father came home from a business trip, 4-year-old Luis had a dream in which he single-handedly saved his mother from being bitten by a giant snake. This dream may reflect Luis's A) high self-efficacy. B) Oedipus complex. C) humanistic tendencies. D) reaction formation.

B) Oedipus complex.

Based on the graph, which is an accurate conclusion about the relationship between caffeine consumption and exam performance? A) Caffeine consumption negatively affects exam performance. B) People perform best on exams when consuming moderate amounts of caffeine. C) Performance on exams improves continually as caffeine consumption increases. D) Caffeine consumption and exam performance are unrelated.

B) People perform best on exams when consuming moderate amounts of caffeine.

Which test monitors several different physiological measures, including respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and the electrical conductance of the skin? A) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C) Electroencephalogram (EEG) B) Polygraph D) Positron emission tomography (PET)

B) Polygraph

Which example best captures the concept of internal motivating forces? A) Your friend offers you money to walk his dog while he is on vacation. B) You cannot wait to take a nap after a long, tiring day of classes. C) Your professor offers extra credit if you answer a bonus problem correctly. D) If you do not study for the exam, you will not get a passing grade.

B) You cannot wait to take a nap after a long, tiring day of classes.

The orientation events that many colleges offer are designed to help first-year students adapt to their new environment by appealing to the general human need for A) power. B) affiliation. C) recognition. D) independence.

B) affiliation.

According to the organizational hypothesis, the brain is permanently masculinized by exposure to A) physically strong male family members during infancy. B) androgens during development. C) estrogens during development. D) a high-protein diet during development.

B) androgens during development.

When his mother returns from the hairdresser with a very short haircut, a two-year-old calls her "Daddy." The child has not yet developed the concept of A) homeostasis. B) gender identity. C) gender constancy. D) gender assignment.

B) gender identity.

Jay is a terrible singer, but believes that with practice he will improve enough to sing in public. His belief illustrates A) external locus of control. B) high self-efficacy. C) reaction formation. D) confirmation bias

B) high self-efficacy.

The proper operation of a thermostat is a good analogy for the way the body maintains A) circadian rhythms. B) homeostasis. C) positive arousal. D) drive reduction.

B) homeostasis.

Alfred Kinsey's studies of human sexual behavior were criticized because he neglected to A) ask males and females the same questions. B) obtain a random sample of participants. C) publish his results in books. D) show that humans engage in a variety of sexual behaviors.

B) obtain a random sample of participants.

When you feel content and relaxed, your _______ nervous system is likely active. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) cranial D) somatic

B) parasympathetic

. One key advantage of having two pathways for processing incoming fearful stimuli is that the "high road" pathway, which involves activation of the cortex and hippocampus, enables _______ reactions to fearful stimuli. A) immediate, protective C) emotional, rather than physical B) slow, conscious D) involuntary, rather than voluntary

B) slow, conscious

As a young child, Min's parents responded to her aggressive behavior by telling her the rules she needed to follow and helping her understand that her aggression hurts other people. In doing this, Min's parents shaped her A) ego. B) superego. C) defense mechanisms. D) neuroses.

B) superego.

Research has consistently found that people are most likely to suffer mental and physical illness if they lack A) a college education. C) adequate means of financial support. B) support of friends and family. D) meaningful work.

B) support of friends and family.

A "low road" pathway of sensory information that runs directly from the thalamus to the amygdala enables A) immediate reactions to fearful stimuli. C) slow reactions to fearful stimuli. B) the ability to inhibit emotional responses. D) conscious processing of fearful stimuli.

B) the ability to inhibit emotional responses.

Jiro really wants to go out with his friends today but promised his parents he would clean the garage. His ego would say: A) "Go have fun, you deserve it!" B) "You're a terrible son for even thinking of shirking your duties." C) "If I do the work quickly today, I can still go out with friends tonight." D) "You'll feel awful if you disappoint your parents."

C) "If I do the work quickly today, I can still go out with friends tonight."

You're feeling lost in your chemistry class and anxious about the upcoming test. The evening before the test, your roommate is in a bad mood. You decide cheering her up is far more important than studying. Which of the following defense mechanisms are you using? A) Rationalization B) Repression C) Displacement D) Reaction formation

C) Displacement

Given the fact that people associate happiness with increased income up to $75,000 a year, what can be concluded about the relationship between income and happiness overall? A) People with incomes over $75,000 are happier after a cut in pay. B) We can tell how happy somebody is once we know their annual income. C) People need a certain level of income to feel happy, but other things are more important. D) Income leads to happiness, but those making more than $75,000 a year experience less happiness

C) People need a certain level of income to feel happy, but other things are more important.

Which ovarian hormone plays an important role in reproductive behaviors and in the menstrual cycle? A) Leptin B) Cortisol C) Progesterone D) Prostaglandin

C) Progesterone

In the 1970s, researchers identified two general patterns of behavior in the development of heart disease. _______ behavior is characterized by excessive competitive drive, impatience, hostility, and accelerated speech and movements, while _______ behavior patterns are more relaxed, with little evidence of aggressive drive or emphasis on getting things done quickly. A) Type A; type Z B) Type B; type A C) Type A; type B D) Type X; type Y

C) Type A; type B

Imagine that you are tasked with exploring ways to improve worker productivity at a local business. Which of the following is the best way to avoid the Hawthorne effect? (Assume the employees have consented to being observed.) A) Make your presence known to the employees every day. B) Tell employees that they may be observed while working, but do not actually observe them. C) Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity. D) Tell the workers that you will be evaluating their productivity, and any poor performance will be flagged.

C) Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity.

Research on the heritability of personality traits suggests that A) the big five traits are determined almost entirely by genetic factors. B) the big five traits are determined almost entirely by the environment. C) about 45 percent of the variability in traits is due to genetic factors. D) neuroticism and extraversion are determined by genetic factors, while other traits are determined by the environment.

C) about 45 percent of the variability in traits is due to genetic factors.

The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary components of emotional responses is the A) parahippocampal gyrus. C) autonomic nervous system. B) somatic nervous system. D) central nervous system.

C) autonomic nervous system.

A study by Ursin and colleagues of military recruits, both before and after parachute training, revealed that on jump days they released the hormone _______ from the _______ gland. A) cortisol; pineal B) epinephrine; mammary C) cortisol; adrenal D) epinephrine; pineal

C) cortisol; adrenal

Reciprocal determinism involves the interaction of influences across an individual's A) id, ego, and superego. C) environment, personal factors, and behavior. B) big five personality traits. D) thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

C) environment, personal factors, and behavior.

To identify the most basic personality traits, researchers have relied on A) opinions of expert theorists. B) projective tests. C) factor analysis. D) genetic predictors.

C) factor analysis.

When a toddler was told he could not have ice cream until he finished his vegetables, he screamed and threw the vegetables on the floor. This toddler failed to manage his A) manifest urges. B) latent urges. C) id. D) ego.

C) id.

A major strength of the MMPI is its A) assessment of all big five traits. B) integration of psychodynamic and social learning theories. C) inclusion of scales for detecting dishonest responses. D) ability to assess both temperament and personality.

C) inclusion of scales for detecting dishonest responses.

Client-centered therapy does not involve A) unconditional positive regard. C) interpretation of unconscious processes. B) allowing the client to identify treatment goals. D) the therapist taking on a coaching role

C) interpretation of unconscious processes.

According to the information in the figure, a novice skydiver might learn to inhibit her fear of heights over successive jumps by A) watching the ground to stay informed about the remaining distance. B) focusing on fear and allowing it to control her physical and emotional reactions. C) interpreting fear as a rush of adrenaline and consciously letting it pass. D) working through the fear with dramatic facial expressions until the fear passes.

C) interpreting fear as a rush of adrenaline and consciously letting it pass.

The personality trait of introversion A) is equivalent to shyness. B) correlates strongly with agreeableness and neuroticism. C) involves enjoyment of solitary activities. D) arises because the brain needs more external stimulation.

C) involves enjoyment of solitary activities.

Research shows that castration, or removal of the testes in male rodents, leads to a _______ in mounting behavior. A) large increase B) slight decrease C) large decrease D) slight increase

C) large decrease

Scientific studies of astrological predictions show that they are A) reliable and valid. B) reliable, but not valid. C) neither reliable nor valid. D) valid but not reliable.

C) neither reliable nor valid.

The study of psychological and neural influences on the immune system and its influences on behavior is known as A) health psychology. B) clinical immunology. C) psychoneuroimmunology. D) humoral immunology

C) psychoneuroimmunology.

In his teenage years, Jake is flooded with sexual desires but feels it would be inappropriate to act on them. He focuses his energy on playing the guitar and writing love songs. This is an example of A) reaction formation. B) sublimation. C) repression. D) denial

C) repression.

A friend's mother has been injured in an automobile accident. To help the family, you organize a walk-a-thon at a local park, raising funds for the mother's care. The benefits of this kind of help are supported by the _______ hypothesis. A) social learning B) stress and health C) stress buffering D) social support

C) stress buffering

If an employee with a high need for achievement decides not to pursue a promotion at work, it may be because the new position involves A) getting feedback from supervisors. C) tasks with high failure rates. B) the development of new skills. D) supervising other workers.

C) tasks with high failure rates.

The time following a male orgasm, during which stimulation cannot produce an erection, was described by Masters and Johnson as A) the post-resolution period. B) the post-coital phase. C) the refractory period. D) intromission

C) the refractory period.

The most accurate conclusion one can draw from research on hormones and human libido is that A) testosterone dictates exactly how often members of both sexes seek sexual gratification. B) variations in libido in men are a function of differences in the levels of circulating testosterone. C) though androgens play some role in libido, social influences also play a role. D) libido is directly related to the level of testosterone present in the fetus during gestation.

C) though androgens play some role in libido, social influences also play a role.

Though there is evidence from studies of animals to support the idea that early exposure to mild stress will make an individual better able to handle stress later in life, research on adverse childhood experiences in humans showed that A) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, so does the risk of suicide later in life. B) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, the risk of suicide later in life decreases. C) the number of adverse childhood experiences is not related to stress reactions later in life. D) the likelihood that an individual develops depression later in life is independent of his or her childhood experiences

A) as the number of adverse childhood experiences increases, so does the risk of suicide later in life.

Jorge's scores on the NEO PI-R show that he is extremely high in conscientiousness. This information will likely be most useful in predicting his behavior A) at work. B) at a party. C) during a therapy session. D) averaged across many settings.

A) at work.

In Galen's theory of humors, a person prone to depression suffers from having too much A) black bile. B) mucus. C) yellow bile. D) blood.

A) black bile.

All of the following coping mechanisms are associated with stress reduction except A) cigarette smoking. B) regular exercise. C) a low-protein diet. D) adequate sleep.

A) cigarette smoking.

The general adaptation syndrome, as first described by Hans Selye, A) connects stress and disease through a series of stages. B) shows that stress is actually good for the body. C) integrates psychiatry and psychology to help recovering alcoholics. D) distinguishes between physical and mental stressors.

A) connects stress and disease through a series of stages.

Despite the evidence that facial expressions for different emotions are relatively stable across cultures, cultures vary with respect to how and when emotions are expected to be expressed. These conventions are called A) cultural display rules. B) facial feature rules. C) general adaptation rules. D) Franco-Prussian rules.

A) cultural display rules.

Cici does not bother to prepare for job interviews because she believes that getting hired is purely a matter of luck. This approach reflects A) external locus of control. B) projection. C) sublimation. D) reciprocal determinism.

A) external locus of control.

. Rather than rely purely on studies of words for emotional states to determine how many emotions humans experience, scientists have turned to studying A) facial expressions. B) positive reinforcement. C) positive punishment. D) mating behavior

A) facial expressions.

The general term for the response controlled by the sympathetic nervous system is A) fight or flight. B) flee or perish. C) give and take. D) react and release.

A) fight or flight.

The general term for the reproductive organs that make either sperm or eggs is A) gonads. B) ovaries. C) testes. D) pituitaries.

A) gonads.

Bob and Tim have male and female friends in common. Bob is _______ because he is attracted only to women, whereas Tim is _______ because he is attracted only to men. A) heterosexual; homosexual C) bisexual; homosexual B) homosexual; heterosexual D) heterosexual; bisexual

A) heterosexual; homosexual

The hypothalamus is most critical for A) maintaining homeostasis. C) following verbal commands. B) distinguishing among different sensory signals. D) controlling the spectrum of human emotions.

A) maintaining homeostasis.

A straight-A student dreams that he arrives at school naked and without his homework. His therapist suggests this reflects his fear of being exposed as imperfect. Being naked is the _______ content of the dream, while the fear of being imperfect is the _______ content. A) manifest; latent B) subjective; neurotic C) conscious; unconscious D) rational; repressed

A) manifest; latent

Studies of personality in monozygotic and dizygotic twins indicate that A) monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins. B) monozygotic and dizygotic twins show equivalent levels of similarity. C) there is no clear connection between genes and personality. D) if one monozygotic twin is high in a trait, the other will generally be low in the same trait.

A) monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins.

By cutting a photograph of a person who is displaying an emotion down the exact middle of the face and creating composite faces out of different combinations of the left and right sides, researchers found that photographs constructed using only the left side of a face appear to look A) more emotional than photographs using only the right side. B) less emotional than photographs using only the right side. C) more distraught than actual faces. D) easier to identify than actual faces.

A) more emotional than photographs using only the right side.

Psychologists refer to the forces that regulate behavior toward a goal as A) motivation. B) emotion. C) thirst. D) fixation.

A) motivation.

A good manager will be able to balance the needs of employees who try to dominate others out of a need for _______ and employees who want to form social bonds out of a need for _______. A) power; affiliation B) affiliation; achievement C) power; projective tests D) achievement; power

A) power; affiliation

Antonio claims his classmates are all bullies who like to hurt people. In fact, Antonio is the most feared child in the school, and his teachers feel that he takes pleasure in humiliating others. Freud would suggest that Antonio's belief reflects A) projection. B) reaction formation. C) regression. D) repression.

A) projection.

Bremner and colleagues found that war veterans who had developed combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder had A) smaller right hippocampi than controls. C) a background of emotional abuse. B) a lower threshold for pain tolerance than controls. D) a background of physical abuse.

A) smaller right hippocampi than controls.

Psychologists currently define emotions as A) subjective mental states that are usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors and involuntary physiological arousal. B) objective physiological arousal in the parasympathetic nervous system. C) subjective interpretation of facial features combined with physiological arousal. D) objective changes in the pattern of physiological arousal over time.

A) subjective mental states that are usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors and involuntary physiological arousal.

Health psychologists Holmes and Rahe linked stressful life events to later health problems by A) surveying the medical records of people, asking the patients to report whether they had experienced any of a list of stressful events in the years preceding their illness, and measuring the degree of their psychological stress using a psychological rating scale. B) correlating the rates of illness among elderly individuals with the number of children they had raised. C) asking people to answer questions about their medical history and then evaluating them with various personality tests, including the Rorschach test. D) consulting drug companies and medical professionals for case histories of severely disturbed patients.

A) surveying the medical records of people, asking the patients to report whether they had experienced any of a list of stressful events in the years preceding their illness, and measuring the degree of their psychological stress using a psychological rating scale.

Masters and Johnson were the first scientists to systematically study A) the course of the human sexual response during sex. B) the variety of sexual positions preferred by men and women. C) the extent to which individuals were comfortable having sex in front of others. D) how frequently humans engaged in sex.

A) the course of the human sexual response during sex.

Sexual differentiation, or the process in fetal development of forming either male or female reproductive structures, is controlled by A) the hormones produced by the gonads. B) the X chromosome(s) inherited by the fetus. C) the mother's eating habits. D) the amount of estrogen present in the mother's uterus

A) the hormones produced by the gonads.

Experiments in which two rats were exposed to shocks, with one rat (the "executive") able to press a lever to avoid a shock, and the other rat dependent on the executive for shock avoidance, showed that the physical impact of the stress was related to A) the predictability and control of the shock. C) the way in which the shock was delivered. B) the magnitude of the shock. D) the size of the "executive" rat.

A) the predictability and control of the shock.

In their classic experiment, Schachter and Singer injected students with epinephrine, then told some of them about the side effects they might experience. Other subjects were not told about the drug's side effects because A) not all people experience the effects of epinephrine, and the scientists did not want to bias the students. B) uninformed subjects were more likely to try to suppress their emotional reactions. C) the scientists wanted to find out whether confederates responded differently to informed and uninformed subjects. D) the scientists wanted to compare uninformed subjects to informed subjects in the intensity of their emotional responses.

D) the scientists wanted to compare uninformed subjects to informed subjects in the intensity of their emotional responses.