Psych lifespan development-exam 3

Stacy and Maggie have been spending a lot of time together over the past several months. Tentatively, they have begun calling themselves a "couple." In which stage of couple formation development are Stacy and Maggie? a. Commitment-decision stage b. Stimulus stage c. Role stage d. Value-comparison stage

C. Role Stage

Which percentage of emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 34 live at home with their parents? a. About 30% b. Less than 15% c. Close to 5% d. More than 50%

a. About 30%

In traditional _____ culture, a grandparent's death may prompt a grandchild of the appropriate age to marry or to have a child at the urging of family members. a. Chinese b. Jewish c. Italian d. Arabic

a. Chinese

Which of the following are the characteristics of the conventional work personality? a. Efficient, obedient, and orderly b. Popular, energetic, and confident c. Creative, introspective, and independent d. Robust, practical, and strong

a. Efficient, obedient, and orderly

Which individual is experiencing role strain? a. Eleanor knows that she must learn several new software programs if she wants to keep her job. b. Chang struggles to balance his duties to his aging parents with his duties to his wife and children. c. Amber decides to become a mentor to a new paralegal at her firm. d. Lars takes a daily walk to lose a little weight and to try to ward off the effects of aging.

a. Eleanor knows that she must learn several new software programs if she wants to keep her job.

Which of the following statements would accurately support a belief that middle adulthood is "the beginning of the end"? a. Individuals in their middle adult years begin to look and feel older. b. Individuals in their middle years are unable to be successful in business or relationships. c. Individuals in their middle adult years have stopped developing new skills and ideas. d. Individuals in their middle years are easily overwhelmed by life's ups and downs.

a. Individuals in their middle adult years begin to look and feel older.

An employer was concerned that, as his employees entered their middle years, they would forget how to do tasks they'd been able to do for a long time. Are her concerns legitimate? Why or why not? a. No. While fluid intelligence may decline, crystallized intelligence does not. b. No. While crystallized intelligence may decline, fluid intelligence does not. c. Yes. While fluid intelligence may decline, crystallized intelligence does not. d. Yes. While crystallized intelligence may decline, fluid intelligence does not.

a. No. While fluid intelligence may decline, crystallized intelligence does not.

Many young people think of adults in their middle years as being stuck in a rut. How does research respond to this concept? a. Research supports the opposite conclusion. b. Researchers disagree on this subject. c. Research has not drawn conclusions about this issue. d. Research supports this conclusion.

a. Research supports the opposite conclusion.

Erik Erikson theorized that which was the main developmental task of early adulthood? a. Sharing oneself more intimately with others b. Developing a personal identity c. Becoming an active member of society d. Appreciating one's accomplishments

a. Sharing oneself more intimately with others

Which of the following physical changes is most likely to occur during middle adulthood? a. The beginnings of arthritis b. Advanced dementia c. The start of mental illness such as schizophrenia d. The development of autoimmune diseases such as lupus

a. The beginnings of arthritis

Which of the following would most likely be termed an especially high-grief death? a. The death of a toddler by accidental drowning b. The death of an elderly man with dementia c. The death of a middle-aged woman with terminal cancer d. The death of an older adult from chronic heart disease

a. The death of a toddler by accidental drowning

Kübler-Ross's theory about the stages of dying has been criticized for which of the following reasons? a. The research upon which the theory is based is inadequate. b. The theory perpetuates the culture of "invisible death." c. The theory does not include nearly enough stages. d. Only terminally ill children seem to pass through the stages.

a. The research upon which the theory is based is inadequate.

Which is a consequence of ageism? a. The underutilization of older people's knowledge and insights b. The increasing number of young children being raised by grandparents and older caregivers c. The great concentration of wealth in the hands of small numbers of older people d. The economic uncertainty of social programs such as Social Security and Medicare

a. The underutilization of older people's knowledge and insights

Which statement about research on wisdom is accurate? a. Though not all older people display wisdom, wisdom is associated with greater life experience. b. Wisdom is best thought of as a body of accumulated knowledge. c. Wisdom is mainly about the ability to use facts in a logical way. d. Because wisdom is linked to cognitive processing speed, the old-old are less wise than the young-old.

a. Though not all older people display wisdom, wisdom is associated with greater life experience.

Which of the following symptoms are associated with menopause? a. Women experience a shrinking uterus and genitals. b. Women cease to have an interest in sex. c. Women are more likely to develop dementia. d. Women sleep more and are less creative.

a. Women experience a shrinking uterus and genitals.

Delilah and Alex recently lost their 5-year-old son, Max, to leukemia. Max's siblings, Zander and Josie, are taking their brother's death especially hard. The best way Delilah and Alex can help Zander and Josie would be to a. allow the children to talk about Max and express their feelings as they come. b. try to avoid discussing Max and divert the children's attention to happier thoughts. c. assure the children that they will see Max again someday in heaven. d. tell them to "be brave" because Max would not have wanted them to be sad.

a. allow the children to talk about Max and express their feelings as they come.

A proponent of terror management theory is unlikely to believe that a. developing a realistic view of one's own death provides protection against death anxiety. b. high self-esteem can provide protection against death anxiety. c. society encourages evasions and denial as protection against death anxiety. d. death can be a force that encourages one to move forward and accomplish goals.

a. developing a realistic view of one's own death provides protection against death anxiety.

Elbert doesn't make much time for movies, music, or books. He eats the same thing for breakfast most mornings, and on the rare occasions when he goes out for a meal, he generally sticks to one or two old favorites. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Elbert is likely a. low in openness. b. high in extroversion. c. high in agreeableness. d. low in conscientiousness.

a. low in openness.

Social isolation starts becoming a significant problem for the a. middle-aged-old age group. b. young-old age group. c. old-old age group. d. very old-old age group

a. middle-aged-old age group.

The fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population is adults a. over 85. b. between 40 and 65. c. between 65 and 85. d. between 28 and 40

a. over 85.

Parenthood is perhaps most challenging for a. single mothers. b. cohabiting partners. c. older couples. d. single fathers.

a. single mothers.

In the United States, most older adults have at least one child living within _____ miles of them. a. 25 b. 10 c. 5 d. 2

b. 10

The average duration of providing care for an individual with a long-term illness is _____ years. a. 8 b. 4 c. 12 d. 2

b. 4

Which term refers to prejudice against others because of the length of time they have lived, particularly prejudice against older adults? a. Adultism b. Ageism c. Senility d. Gerontophobia

b. Ageism

Jaime's beloved aunt is in the final stages of Alzheimer's disease. He knows that his aunt's life is nearing its end and he has been preparing himself for her death. Which of the following is Jaime experiencing? a. Chronic grief b. Anticipatory grief c. Complicated grief d. Neurotic grief

b. Anticipatory grief

Junji and Yoko's son just turned 3 years old. Which stage of parenthood are Junji and Yoko likely entering? a. Interpretive b. Authority c. Permissive d. Nurturing

b. Authority

Members of which racial or ethnic group are most likely to never marry? a. Native Americans b. Black Americans c. Asian Americans d. Hispanic Americans

b. Black Americans

Which of the following individuals is most likely in middle adulthood? a. Margie is looking forward to her impending retirement with great anticipation, as it is only a few years away. b. Danitra is thinking about changing jobs due to a lack of advancement opportunities with her current employer. c. Antonio spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. d. Frank has been working a wide variety of jobs in recent years in an attempt to find his best fit.

b. Danitra is thinking about changing jobs due to a lack of advancement

Martina has been spending more and more time with her friends and less time with her parents. She also tends to talk about her problems with her friends rather than her mom or dad. Which type of independence is Martina cultivating? a. Conflictual b. Emotional c. Functional d. Attitudinal

b. Emotional

Florence is an older woman who can no longer manage to cut the grass in her yard every week. Which of the following individuals is she most likely to ask to commit to stopping by to do the weekly yardwork? a. Her neighbor, Donna b. Her son, Cole c. Her best friend, Gwendolyn d. Her neighbor's son, Wesley

b. Her son, Cole

Which is the best predictor of burnout in the workplace? a. Inability to advance into management b. Inadequate rewards for great effort c. Insufficient on-the-job competence d. Lack of challenging work

b. Inadequate rewards for great effort

Who is likely to have the fewest number of friends? a. Brooklyn, a 15-year-old b. Larry, a 55-year-old c. Muhammad, a 30-year-old d. Camilla, a 21-year-old

b. Larry, a 55-year-old

Which of the following documents typically includes instructions on whether hydration and/or nutrition will be withheld from a terminally ill patient? a. Last will and testament b. Living will c. Medical power of attorney d. Durable power of attorney

b. Living will

Which type of memory is least likely to decline with age? a. Semantic memory b. Sensory memory c. Episodic memory d. Working memory

b. Sensory memory

Which of the following is a major factor that contributes to the anticipated strain on Medicare? a. The fastest-growing group in the U.S. population is those age 85 and older. b. The cost of medical care—both medicine as well as doctor care—is becoming more expensive. c. Increasingly popular "alternative" practitioners such as homeopaths are not covered under Medicare. d. More and more people are opting to purchase private health insurance rather than use Medicare.

b. The cost of medical care—both medicine as well as doctor care—is becoming more expensive.

Which statement about social support for widows and widowers is accurate? a. Because of past sexual discrimination, widows are generally less active in social organizations than widowers. b. Widows typically have an easier time than widowers do in maintaining a social life, partly because women more often act as kinkeepers. c. It is easier for widowers to find other men who are going through the recent loss of a spouse than it is for widows to find other women experiencing this. d. Widowers usually have an easier time getting social support than widows because men are generally more extraverted than women.

b. Widows typically have an easier time than widowers do in maintaining a social life, partly because women more often act as kinkeepers.

A man in his 50s is concerned about developing erectile dysfunction. Are his concerns appropriate? a. No. Even men with disorders like diabetes and heart disease are usually able to get an erection. b. Yes. About 50% of men experience erectile dysfunction and a significant number experience it often. c. No. Only about 10% of men in their middle years experience erectile dysfunction. d. Maybe. Erectile dysfunction only occurs in men who are depressed or anxious.

b. Yes. About 50% of men experience erectile dysfunction and a significant number experience it often.

When people with a terminal illness are provided the means to end their own life, such as allowing them to self-administer a lethal drug, the process is termed a. submissive death b. assisted suicide. c. passive euthanasia. d. palliative care.

b. assisted suicide.

A few months after she retired, Virginia's husband unexpectedly passed away. This has the potential for pushing Virginia into Atchley's _____ stage of retirement. a. uncertainty b. disenchantment c. resolution d. reorientation

b. disenchantment

If it declines at all, an older adult's emotional well-being generally does so a. a few years after he or she has retired. b. immediately preceding the person's death. c. after moving into a nursing home or assisted-living facility. d. when the last adult child moves away from home.

b. immediately preceding the person's death.

According to Peck, people in middle adulthood must a. define themselves by their values and beliefs rather than by their actions. b. shift most of their activity from physical activities to mental ones. c. review their lives to assure themselves that their activities have been meaningful. d. develop intimacy with someone with whom they can share a lifelong commitment.

b. shift most of their activity from physical activities to mental ones.

Walter is terminally ill. As a result, he spends most of his time in bed—eating very little, refusing to take his medication, and staying in the same bedclothes for days. This phenomenon would best be described as a. bereavement overload. b. submissive death. c. suicidal erosion. d. active euthanasia

b. submissive death.

One reason why many middle-age couples report an increase in relationship satisfaction is that a. each partner begins to develop his or her own social network, limiting the time they spend together. b. there are fewer squabbles over how to raise the children. c. each partner begins to develop his or her own outside interests, limiting the time they spend together. d. there are fewer complaints about unjust divisions of labor.

b. there are fewer squabbles over how to raise the children.

Robert Atchley's views on older adulthood development differed from those of Daniel Levinson's in that Atchley a. focused less on the importance of social relationships than Levinson. b. viewed adulthood as much more stable than Levinson. c. placed more emphasis on work achievement than Levinson. d. believed that activity is more strongly linked to life satisfaction than Levinson.

b. viewed adulthood as much more stable than Levinson.

The entry of women into the workforce has been increasing steadily, particularly since the a. 1950s. b. 1980s. c. 1970s. d. 1960s.

c. 1970s.

Which of the following activities will probably become more difficult during the middle adult years? a. Artistic endeavors b. Building strong relationships c. Athletics d. Completing puzzles

c. Athletics

Why do many families fail to take advantage of the provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993? a. Employees may miss out on bonuses and promotions while on leave. b. Many companies, particularly large corporations, strongly discourage employees from using it. c. Because it is unpaid leave, many families cannot afford to use it. d. It extends for only 2 weeks, so many families do not think it worthwhile.

c. Because it is unpaid leave, many families cannot afford to use it.

Over the past year, Linda has lost her mother, uncle, and best friend. Consequently, which of the following may Linda experience? a. Anticipatory grief b. Panic disorder c. Bereavement overload d. Disenfranchised grief

c. Bereavement overload

In _____ families, more than 50% of grandparents are their grandchildren's primary caregivers. a. White b. Asian c. Black d. Hispanic

c. Black

Which statement about middle-age adult caregiving roles is accurate? a. Siblings usually provide equal levels of caregiving to their elderly parents. b. Sons are most likely to do hands-on caregiving such as feeding and bathing. c. Caregivers tend to be the daughter who has the fewest competing obligations. d. Caregivers generally experience high levels of personal satisfaction with their roles.

c. Caregivers tend to be the daughter who has the fewest competing obligations.

At which age is an individual most likely to make a change to an entirely different occupation? a. Mid 60s b. Late 50s c. Early 40s d. Mid 20s

c. Early 40s

The phrase death with dignity is most associated with which of the following? a. Hospital ward b. Assisted living c. Hospice care d. Intensive care

c. Hospice care

Last week you learned that your Aunt Julia has osteoporosis. Which of the following would be good advice for her? a. Meditate and do deep-breathing exercises daily and get plenty of sleep. b. Avoid fatty foods, particularly fish such as salmon, mackerel, and tuna. c. Install sturdy handrails on all her stairs and watch for uneven sidewalks and floors. d. Begin taking megadoses of vitamin C, vitamin B12, and iron.

c. Install sturdy handrails on all her stairs and watch for uneven sidewalks and floors.

According to Erikson, which period of development is typically found in late adulthood? a. Identity versus role confusion b. Generativity versus stagnation c. Integrity versus despair d. Intimacy versus isolation

c. Integrity versus despair

Which information would help a couple hoping to overcome physical difficulties related to aging and sexuality? a. Few adults in their middle years are sexually active. b. It is a good idea sex during the middle years, as it is rarely satisfying to either partner. c. It is often helpful to focus more on sensuality than on sexual performance. d. It is hard to build new skills in the middle years.

c. It is often helpful to focus more on sensuality than on sexual performance.

Which of the following should not occur if stochastic theories fully explained aging? a. Telomeres become increasingly shorter as cells replicate. b. Sunlight damages skin cells and increases the risk of skin cancer. c. Physical exercise can reduce the effects of aging. d. Working a daily crossword puzzle can keep one mentally sharp.

c. Physical exercise can reduce the effects of aging.

Which statement about marriage and divorce is a myth? a. Having children generally decreases marital satisfaction. b. Divorce proceedings are usually initiated by women. c. Single people have more sex than married couples. d. Husbands usually find marriage more stressful than wives.

c. Single people have more sex than married couples.

At age 48, a man decided to leave his job as a lawyer and join the Peace Corps. Which of the following models best explains his actions? a. The life expectancy model b. The climacteric model c. The midlife crisis model d. The transition model

c. The midlife crisis model

Which of the following is the best definition of middle adulthood? a. The years from ages 40-50 b. The years from ages 30-55 c. The years from ages 40-65 d. The years from ages 30-65

c. The years from ages 40-65

Which statement about death ceremonies is true across all cultures? a. They typically involve elaborate graveside rituals. b. They are considered to be quiet, solemn occasions. c. They are attempts to help survivors manage their grief. d. They almost always extend over several days.

c. They are attempts to help survivors manage their grief.

Health changes do occur in the middle years, but they are more common in which groups of people? a. Those who grew up with single parents b. Those who have three or more children c. Those who tend to smoke, drink, or become obese d. Those who are in careers that require physical labor

c. Those who tend to smoke, drink, or become obese

Some theorists claim that people in Western society live in an era of "invisible death." Which of the following is the evidence that they may be right? a. The notion that people should die with dignity has become pervasive. b. Nurses and doctors typically try to keep terminal patients in the dark about their condition. c. Today most people die in hospitals, away from friends and loved ones. d. Compared to years past, greater numbers of people today believe in an afterlife.

c. Today most people die in hospitals, away from friends and loved ones.

Which of the following individuals is in Havighurst's identifying with a worker stage of the work cycle? a. Hester would love to go to the basketball game tonight, but she stays home to complete a history essay instead. b. Daniel has decided to work in accounting and has begun taking courses at a local community college. c. Trinidad loves playing "school" with her friends almost every day. d. Walter enjoys mentoring younger employees and thinks it is important for him to pass along his expertise to them.

c. Trinidad loves playing "school" with her friends almost every day.

Eli's boss praises him when he meets his deadlines or turns in good quality work. However, if Eli's work fails to meet his boss's standards, he docks Eli's pay and criticizes him in front of other employees. It is likely that Eli is experiencing a. disorganization. b. self-actualization. c. conditions of worth. d. flow.

c. conditions of worth.

Although both single mothers and single fathers have significant challenges, one way single parenthood is a bit easier for men is that they a. typically receive generous child support payments. b. usually have a wider circle of friends to offer support. c. generally are better off financially. d. frequently have less rigid parenting styles.

c. generally are better off financially.

A researcher asks a test subject: "If you found a wallet on the sidewalk, what should you do with it?" The researcher is likely testing the subject's a. verbal memory. b. perceptual speed. c. inductive reasoning. d. verbal ability.

c. inductive reasoning.

An important reason why Blacks and Hispanics are overrepresented in lower-status jobs is that a. higher-status jobs are typically located in the suburbs, far from most minority neighborhoods. b. although such jobs do not usually pay well, they do offer generous benefits. c. the high school dropout rate for people in these groups is rather high. d. such jobs often require strength and good motor skills.

c. the high school dropout rate for people in these groups is rather high.

Several individuals were asked what aspect of their lives give them the greatest satisfaction. Which response most likely came from an older adult? a. "I just received a great performance evaluation at work, and my boss says that I'm probably in line for a promotion." b. "I've been hitting the gym lately and trying to watch what I eat—and I've already lost ten pounds." c. "I'm taking classes to earn my Masters of Business Administration degree. Just two more classes and I'll complete the course." d. "I really enjoy dropping in on my neighbors and bringing them little treats—it really seems to brighten up their day."

d. "I really enjoy dropping in on my neighbors and bringing them little treats—it really seems to brighten up their day."

About which percentage of people over the age of 65 live in nursing homes? a. 16% b. 10% c. 1% d. 4%

d. 4%

Henry is 65 years old. On the average, he can expect to live until about age a. 72. b. 78. c. 92. d. 85.

d. 85.

Which of the following retired elders is most likely to live below the poverty line? a. Joyce, a White woman b. Roger, a White man c.Bennie, a Black man d. Carmen, a Black woman

d. Carmen, a Black woman

All of the following middle-aged men had no children of their own. Which one would be rated as non-generative? a. Eduardo serves as a mentor to new employees in his office. b. Titus coaches his niece's church softball team. c. Curtis became a big brother and spends most of his time with his little brother. d. Dante spends a great deal of time working on his model railroad layout.

d. Dante spends a great deal of time working on his model railroad layout.

Which of the following is most likely to affect the way an individual experiences the middle years? a. Number of children b. Geographic location c. Gender d. Eating habits

d. Eating habits

Erikson would argue that individuals are likely to fear death unless they have successfully resolved which conflict? a. Intimacy versus isolation b. Initiative versus guilt c. Identity versus role confusion d. Ego integrity versus despair

d. Ego integrity versus despair

Many utility companies solicit donations for economically disadvantaged elders to heat their homes during the cold months because older people are susceptible to which of the following medical conditions? a. Glaucoma b. Insomnia c. Hypertension d. Hypothermia

d. Hypothermia

Which of the following is an example of a physical change that occurs at the climacteric? a. The onset of senility b. The end of male fertility c. Childbirth d. Menopause

d. Menopause

An employer is weighing the pros and cons of hiring an adult in the middle years for a job requiring strong cognitive skills. Which of the following would provide him with accurate guidance? a. Fluid intelligence usually decreases during the middle years. b. Crystallized intelligence usually declines during the middle years. c. Older people rarely bring sufficient knowledge to a job situation. d. Middle adulthood is typically a time of maximum cognitive performance.

d. Middle adulthood is typically a time of maximum cognitive performance.

Of the following, which is the primary nutrition problem of older adults? a. Osteoporosis b. Hypoglycemia c. Anemia d. Obesity

d. Obesity

Which of the Big Five personality traits are most likely to decline in middle-aged men? a. Conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability b. Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion c. Emotional stability, openness, and agreeableness d. Openness, extraversion, and emotional stability

d. Openness, extraversion, and emotional stability

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive decline in the middle years but not of the older years? a. Cognitive abilities remain strong in women but decline in men. b. Cognitive abilities begin to decline fairly rapidly. c. Most people experience a loss of cognitive ability and memory early in their middle years. d. Some minor decline may occur, but most cognitive abilities remain strong.

d. Some minor decline may occur, but most cognitive abilities remain strong.

Dr. Ling observes that the immune system grows in strength until early adulthood, when it begins to weaken. She believes that aging is related to this decline in immune system functions. To which theory of aging does she likely subscribe? a. The free radical theory b. The stochastic theory c. The telomere theory d. The biological clock theory

d. The biological clock theory

Of the following reasons cited by men and women who have been married for 15 years or more, which is the least important reason? a. Marriage is a long-term commitment. b. We believe that marriage is sacred. c. I like my spouse as a person. d. We have a great sex life.

d. We have a great sex life.

Which is an example of repressive coping? a. After dropping and shattering a glass vase, Ramundo exclaimed, "I'm just glad no one got hurt." b. Temporarily housebound because of hip replacement surgery, Jacqueline joked, "Now I can catch up on my reading." c. Bothered by a nagging cough, Brenda said, "I guess I'd better invest in a cough syrup company." d. When his pet cat passed away, Wally remarked, "Well, she was only a cat. This is nothing to get excited about."

d. When his pet cat passed away, Wally remarked, "Well, she was only a cat. This is nothing to get excited about."

The phenomenon known as the positivity effect suggests that it a. prevents older people from achieving ego integrity because it stops them from evaluating their past achievements realistically. b. enhances overall cognitive functioning in older people by using stronger abilities to compensate for those that have weakened. c. inhibits the natural withdrawal from society that older people must undergo in order to successfully complete the aging process. d. allows older people to maintain a sense of well-being because with age, people have a bias to screen out negative events.

d. allows older people to maintain a sense of well-being because with age, people have a bias to screen out negative events.

The men in Mac's bridge group at the senior center are adamant that a certain candidate in the upcoming election would make the town's best mayor. Mac considered his friends' views but ultimately supported a different candidate. This would indicate that Mac has a relatively high level of a. integrity. b. extraversion. c. neuroticism. d. autonomy.

d. autonomy

Mario and Janice are both divorced from their first partners. When they married, Mario's son and Janice's daughter both came to live with them. This is an example of a(n): a. extended family. b. nuclear family. c. broken family. d. blended family.

d. blended family.

Compared to married couples, couples who cohabit are more likely to a. report higher levels of personal satisfaction. b. share domestic duties equally. c. have similar educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. d. date other people outside the relationship.

d. date other people outside the relationship.

The diet of an older person should be relatively _____ in nutrients and fairly _____ in calories. a. low; high b. moderate; high c. low; low d. high; moderate

d. high; moderate

Perhaps the most important point to understand when considering the context for social policy discussions is to recognize that a. women live much longer than men and comprise more than two-thirds of the elderly population. b. older adults tend to be much wealthier than younger adults in terms of net worth. c. the major factor that influences how a person experiences retirement is health. d. older adults are becoming a much larger proportion of the population.

d. older adults are becoming a much larger proportion of the population.

The cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease is a. stable. b. temporary. c. intermittent. d. progressive.

d. progressive.