PSYCH MID TERM

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine; hormone B. endocrine; neurotransmitter C. neurological; hormone D. neurological; neurotransmitter

A

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. A. bottom-up processing B. inattentional blindness C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

B

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins B. revealed a genetic component to intelligence C. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption D. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

B

________ can be used to assess ________. A. reliability; validity B. statistical analyses; reliability C. statistical analyses; validity D. validity; reliability

B

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. A. phenome B. pheromone C. proprioception D. thermoception

B

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. glutamate D. serotonin

B

________ is another term for the malleus. A. drum B. hammer C. nail D. percussive

B

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; reception B. perception; sensation C. preception; postception D. sensation; perception

B

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. A. condensed; sharp B. high; low C. low; high D. truncated; high

B

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. A. analytic B. creative C. crystallized D. practical

B

Hertz is a measure of ________. A. frequency B. loudness C. pitch D. purity

A

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants

A

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

A

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

A

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. circadian B. external C. protoconscious D. stimulus

A

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. A. can see B. can see only in the dark C. can't see D. can't see without sunlight

A

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social

B

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. A. external circadian B. jet lag C. night terrors D. parasomnia

B

A theta wave is a type of ________. A. brain wave associated with critical thinking B. brain wave associated with sleep spindles C. low frequency, high amplitude brain wave D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

D

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

D

Ahmet is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Ahmet is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM

D

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? A. 1-30 days old B. 6-8 months old C. 9-11 months old D. 12 months old

D

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Raymond Cattell D. Robert Sternberg

D

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. just noticeable difference B. subliminal messaging C. top-down processing D. transduction

D

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. generalizability B. operational definition C. reliability D. validity

D

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

A

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients. A. clinical B. experimental C. naturalistic D. patient

A

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

A

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

A

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

A

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate

A

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. A. consciously experienced B. essential features of adult consciousness C. essential features of human consciousness D. exceptionally complex

A

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results? A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. B. Environmental factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. C. Genetic factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. D. Not enough information is provided in order to make a conclusion about environmental versus genetic contributions to schizophrenia.

A

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias

A

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. kappa

A

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." B. The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." C. The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." D. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C. The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D. The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use."

A

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A. afterimage B. preimage C. fovea D. monocular

A

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

A

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? A. hearing a song on the radio B. petting a cat C. smelling lilacs D. tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

A

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists emphasize objective data over subjective data.

A

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B. exculpation C. extrospection D. interviews

A

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? A. Jemma, competing in a marathon B. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head C. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

A

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

A

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning? A. An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI. B. It is unable to pinpoint events in time. C. There is a low level of detail. D. There is radiation exposure.

A

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants B. letting participants know that participation is voluntary C. obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D. reviewing that data is confidential

A

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? A. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. B. He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. C. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. D. He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

A

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

A

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A. higher; louder B. higher; quieter C. higher; weaker D. lower; louder

A

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A. cognition B. personality C. schema D. targeting

A

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. A. confirmation bias B. experimenter bias C. illusory correlation D. sampling bias

A

he average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. A. one standard deviation above the mean B. one standard deviation below the mean C. two standard deviations above the mean D. 15 points above the average

A

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious

B

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

B

A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship B. one variable decreases as the other increases C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

B

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. A. artificial B. event C. mental D. role

B

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

B

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________. A. receptors; nothing, since they do not bind B. receptors; receptors C. receptors; the cell membrane D. the cell membrane; receptors

B

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. A. high; high B. high; low C. low; high D. low; low

B

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos

B

Behaviorists all focus on ________. A. individual attitudes B. physiological responses that result in action C. the internal motivation for action D. the subconscious

B

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. night terrors D. restless leg syndrome

B

Critical thinking is ________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it

B

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A. Broca's area B. hypothalamus C. substantia nigra D. thalamus

B

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. cognition B. model C. response D. stimulus

B

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on? A. amygdala B. medulla C. pons D. reticular formation

B

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

B

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

B

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

B

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

B

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming B. parasomnias C. protoconsciousness D. somnambulism

B

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A. fast; a short duration B. fast; long lasting C. slow; a short duration D. slow; long lasting

B

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A. factors B. hormones C. neurotransmitters D. proteins

B

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. A. axon B. glial cell C. soma D. terminal button

B

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0 B. between -1 and +1 C. between 0 and +1 D. between 0 and +100

B

The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis C. the circadian rhythm D. travel from one time zone to another

B

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A. genotype; Bb B. genotype; bb C. phenotype; Bb D. phenotype; bb

B

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. attrition B. inter-rater reliability C. the control group D. validity

B

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization." A. The name "Arthur Jensen" should be changed to the name "Howard Gardener." B. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched. C. The word "conceptual" should be eliminated. D. The word "rote" should be changed to with the word "routine."

B

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. extroversion D. neuroticism

B

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

B

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

B

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? A. common opinions B. empirical studies C. intuition D. lucky breaks

B

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? A. mild B. modest C. profound D. severe

B

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey

B

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? A. break down into inactive fragments B. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release C. drifting away from the synapse D. reuptake

B

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? A. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner B. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf C. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner D. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

B

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A. concept B. language C. prototype D. schemata

B

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? A. dopamine; acetylcholine B. dopamine; norepinephrine C. serotonin; GABA D. serotonin; glutamate

B

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

B

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. correlation coefficient B. scatterplot C. statistical analysis D. validity assessment

C

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams B. manipulate human behavior C. study the function of behavior D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

C

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work

C

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior

C

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. A. behavioral geneticists B. behavioral psychologists C. evolutionary psychologists D. historical psychologists

C

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. A. growth hormone B. insulin C. testosterone D. thyroxine

C

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

C

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology

C

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. A. generalization; sample; hypothesis B. population; sample; generalization C. sample; population; generalization D. sample; population; hypothesis

C

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism B. client-centered therapy C. introspection D. psychoanalysis

C

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. A. availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. representational bias D. stereotype bias

C

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. C .the principle of transduction A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C. Weber's law

C

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

C

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. A. higher; lower B. longer; shorter C. lower; higher D. shorter; longer

C

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. A. biological B. circadian C. latent D. manifest

C

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. A. external B. internal C. lucid D. stage 1

C

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. A. anchoring bias B. availability heuristic C. hindsight bias D. representational bias

C

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. D. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

C

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. A. artificial B. event C. role D. script

C

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. A. a stroke B. damage to his K-complex C. narcolepsy D. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

C

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity

C

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. neocortex

C

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? A. concept B. grammar C. lexicon D. prototype

C

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A. alpha B. Freudian C. latent D. manifest

C

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

C

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A. falls asleep in the middle of the day B. sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D. suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

C

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C

What is a binaural cue? A. single eye and a single ear triangulating distance B. two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound C. two-eared cue to localize sound D. two-eyed cue to focus distant sight

C

What is amplitude? A. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity B. a sound's purity C. the height of a wave D. the lowest point of a wave

C

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in? A. conducting his or her own research in the same subject area B. looking for flaws in the way a study was conducted C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research D. verifying that the research meets ethical standards

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." A. The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction." B. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." C. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." D. The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."

C

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? A. detecting brain tumors B. improving the accuracy of military codebreakers C. improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips D. increasing typing speed for telephone operators

C

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

C

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1500s

C

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

C

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B. Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

C

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? A. categories of psychology B. dog breeds C. patriotism D. types of cars

C

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.

C

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure? A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. pons D. thalamus

C

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false? A. He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. B. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. C. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. D. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

C

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

C

Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson? A. Children described as thrill seekers are more likely to show taste preferences for intense sour flavors. B. Individuals who hold positive attitudes toward reduced-fat foods are more likely to rate foods labeled as reduced fat as tasting good. C. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally. D. Vision is affected by cultural factors.

C

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. dependent C. evolutionary D. Freudian

C

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

C

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook B. father of psychology C. first American psychologist D. first psychoanalyst

C

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. classical B. operant C. primary D. secondary

C

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. A. absolute threshold B. just noticeable difference C. sensory adaptation D. signal detection

D

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. A. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure B. are not encouraged to reach their potential C. don't care about IQ testing D. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

D

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

D

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. A. as a result of disease B. as a result of old age C. due to deliberate damage D. since birth

D

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. A. gustation B. olfaction C. somatosensation D. thermoception

D

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

D

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A. beta B. gamma C. infrared D. ultraviolet

D

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A. one B. two C. three D. four

D

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. A. Freudian B. Jungian C. latent D. manifest

D

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? A. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. B. They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. C. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

D

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? A. People will know that they are part of a research study and may decline participation. B. Survey data is not as valid as experimental data. C. Their results will depend on how busy the mall is. D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

D

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. A. did not identify enough African American children in need of special education B. disadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes C. resulted in less funding D. was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

D

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________. A. confirmed by multiple studies B. found to have been based on falsified data C. published once but not confirmed D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

D

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. A. actions B. chemicals C. subconscious D. thoughts

D

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________. A. a highly successful drug use intervention program B. a highly successful suicide intervention program C. a psychological research study that has helped shape public policy D. why empirical research is needed

D

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal

D

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A. Job growth is greatest in these fields. B. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

D

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. A. ability to communicate B. ability to speak C. lexicon D. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

D

What is a PsyD? A. Doctor of Philosophy B. Doctor of Psychiatry C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis D. Doctor of Psychology

D

What is vertigo? A. fear of heights B. inability to see color C. noise phobia D. spinning sensation

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." A. The word "high" should be changed to the word "low." B. The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." C. The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles." D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

D

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A. Flynn effect B. norming C. population size D. sample size

D

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure? A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. substantia nigra

D

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D