PSYCH MIDTERM REVIEW
Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to A a lack of debriefing B sampling bias C participant bias D social desirability bias E placebo effects
B sampling bias
Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research A get paid for their time and trouble B have not participated in similar research in the past C are protected from physical and psychological harm D understand the hypotheses of the researcher before they take part E keep the purposes of the research project confidential
C. are protected from physical and psychological harm
A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is A an experiment B a survey C a case study D cross-sectional research E correlational research
C. case study
In classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to A acquisition B discrimination C extinction D backward conditioning E stimulus generalization
C. extinction
According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects? A It must not involve the use of surgical procedures. B It is no longer permitted by the APA without special authorization. C It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research. D It must be limited to investigations that use correlational procedures. E It may not be conducted by psychologists who do not have a license.
C. it should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research
A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells A efferent neurons B afferent neurons C mirror neurons D motor neurons E Schwann cells
C. mirror neurons
A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C negative punishment D positive punishment E extinction
C. negative punishment
The area labeled A contains the A auditory nerves B pinna C ossicles D cochlea E semi-circular canals
C. ossicles
A major university develops an assessment that is meant to provide data on whether potential students will be successful at the university level. If there is a relationship between the results of the assessment and student success, that will best indicate that the assessment has A good operational definitions B external validity C predictive validity D content validity E standardization
C. predictive validity
When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding? A A means-end analysis B The representativeness heuristic C The availability heuristic D Algorithms E Inductive reasoning
C. the availability heuristic
Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? A The sound has a long wavelength. B The sound has a short wavelength. C The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave. D The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave. E The sound is complex.
C. the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave
The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as A discontinuance B tolerance C withdrawal D forced independence E transduction
C. withdrawl
Which of the following is classified as an antagonist? A Cocaine, because it floods the brain with dopamine. B Mescaline, because it floods the brain with dopamine. C An amphetamine, because they lead to increased central nervous system activity. D A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. E Prozac®, because it blocks the reuptake of serotonin.
D. a tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters
An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty A identifying an object held in the hand but not seen B planning what to wear to a party C remembering the name of a person in a photograph D comprehending a spoken request for information E distinguishing between red and green
D. comprehending a spoken request for information
Lucid dreaming occurs when people A do not experience REM sleep B experience night terrors C eat large meals immediately before going to sleep D have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming E hallucinate
D. have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming
The type of intelligence that Howard Gardner described as individuals' abilities to understand themselves and to be aware of their talents and limitations is A naturalistic B interpersonal C kinesthetic D intrapersonal E g
D. intrapersonal
A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms? A Forgetfulness B Hearing difficulties C Difficulty controlling balance and coordination D Difficulty controlling emotions E Difficulty with speech production
E. difficulty with speech production
The diagram above depicts the human body's A immune system B somatic nervous system C parasympathetic nervous system D sympathetic nervous system E endocrine system
E. endocrine system
A researcher uses debriefing when he A uses deception in a study B has a study approved by the Institutional Review Board C has a study approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee D explains the purpose of a study before the study begins E explains the true purpose of a study immediately after the study is complete
E. explains the true purpose of a study immediately after it is completed
The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its A loudness B timbre C amplitude D complexity E frequency
E. frequency
Brain lateralization refers to the A ability of the brain to process multisensory information B capacity of the brain to control basic motor movements C aptitude of the brain to produce speech D ability of the brain to control basic functions such as respiration and blood circulation E inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other
E. inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere or the other
Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of A spontaneous recovery B social learning C discrimination D latent learning E insight learning
E. insight learning
Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above? A Operant conditioning B Classical conditioning C Prepared conditioning D Self-actualization E Observational learning
E. observational learning
The generalizability of a study increases when A the study is ethical B an experiment is used C debriefing is used D confederates are used E the sample is more representative of the population
E. the sample is more representative of the population
Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children A cannot learn grammatical rules during the first two years of life B learn language primarily through operant conditioning C will model only words used by adults in their environment D overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules E are not born with an innate language acquisition device
d. overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules
A psychologist administered the most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet IQ test to 50 students and their scores are shown in the chart above. How many students earned scores higher than two standard deviations above the mean? A 2 B 3 C 8 D 10 E 20
A 2
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was A a conditioned stimulus B a conditioned response C an unconditioned stimulus D an unconditioned response E a secondary reinforcer
C. an unconditioned stimulus
A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that A can be detected 5 percent of the time B falls below the threshold for conscious detection C activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses D has been transformed into neural impulses E triggers a diminished response due to constant activation
B. falls below the threshold for conscious detection
In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using? A Functionalism B Introspection C Biofeedback D Dream analysis E Behaviorism
B. intospection
Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario? A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. B The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. C The next day, Janice's coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator. D The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again. E The next day, her boss took away some of Janice's vacation time. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.
A, the next day, her boss have her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now
2, 3, 17, 10, 2, 3, 8, 2, 7 What is the mode of the set of scores above? A 2 B 3 C 6 D 7 E 15
A. 2
According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which of the following types of intelligence would be most useful in solving a mathematics problem that requires one numerical answer? A Analytic B Spatial C Linguistic D Intrapersonal E Kinesthetic
A. Analytic
Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task? A Aptitude B Interest C Cultural fairness D Achievement E Projection
A. Aptitude
Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized? A Humanistic B Behavioral C Gestalt D Cognitive E Psychodynamic
A. Humaistic
A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? A Retinal disparity B Linear perspective C Motion parallax D Relative size E Texture gradient
A. Retinal disparity
When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is A an opiate B an amphetamine C a depressant D a hallucinogen E a stimulant
A. an opiate
Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following? A Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell B Studying what factors led to attachment in infant monkeys C Studying the different cognitive developmental stages of infants and children D Teaching pigeons to peck at specific stimuli E Placing cats in puzzle boxes
A. conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of A figure-ground B closure C simplicity D constancy E proximity
A. figure ground
Denny does not have wrapping paper to use to wrap a birthday present, and so he decides to use colorful newspaper comics instead. Denny's solution demonstrates that he has overcome A functional fixedness B the fundamental attribution error C cognitive dissonance D egocentrism E a self-serving bias
A. functional fixidness
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A heuristics B algorithms C syllogisms D propositions E concepts
A. heuristics
Many common antidepressants ease symptoms of depression by A inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin more available B inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin less available C releasing endorphins, which makes endorphins more available D inhibiting dopamine reuptake, which makes dopamine more available E inhibiting dopamine reuptake, which makes dopamine less available
A. inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin more available
The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the A limbic system B pons C corpus callosum D occipital lobe E parietal lobe
A. limbic system
A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is A reduced inhibition B anxiety C enhanced memory D psychosis E heightened creativity
A. reduced inhibition
Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was A reliable B valid C standardized D normed E predictive
A. reliable
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because A some depth perception is lost B half of the visual field is missing C the ability to perceive interposition is lost D the patch disrupts the functioning of the vestibular system E the patch alters the ability of the open eye to compensate
A. some depth perception is lost
Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study A the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving B how infants move from basic trust to autonomy C the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious D the relationship of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development E how attribution processes vary across cultures
A. the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving
Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if A they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests B the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse C they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability D other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group E the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures
A. they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not preform well on the tests
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning? A Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of voluntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves reflexes. B Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences. C Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Edward Thorndike's studies with cats, whereas operant conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's studies with dogs. D Classical conditioning involves a learner's active response in order to obtain reinforcement, whereas in operant conditioning the learner is passive. E Classical conditioning relies mostly on negative reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning relies mostly on positive reinforcement.
B. Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences
Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? A Grandmother's house; fear B Grandmother's house; falling C Fear; grandmother's house D Falling; anxiety E Anxiety; fear
B. Grandmother's house; falling
A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which of the following is a type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion? A Deductive B Inductive C Iconic D Echoic E Explicit
B. Inductive
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? A Sleep apnea B Narcolepsy C Insomnia D Circadian rhythm sleep disorder E Somnambulism
B. Narcolepsy
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called A the axon B a dendrite C a neurotransmitter D the synaptic cleft E the soma
B. a dendrite
A psychologist designed a study to test the effects of cell phone use on driving safety. Participants were randomly assigned either to drive an automobile simulator while talking to a friend on a cell phone or to drive a simulator without talking on a phone. In the study, cell phone use can be described as A a dependent variable B an independent variable C a confounding variable D a random variable E an operational definition
B. an indépendant variable
A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in A cognitive states B autonomic arousal C parasympathetic functioning D motivational level E neurotransmitter level
B. autonomic arousal
Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test a hair-growth shampoo she is developing. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' hair length at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable? A The type of shampoo B Change in hair length C Participants D The placebo E The thirty days
B. change in hair length
Genie was a girl who endured abusive and neglectful conditions and was deprived of language exposure until she was rescued at age 13. Despite remediation, Genie was unable to learn to speak fluently. Historically, this case study was used to demonstrate the effects of A temperament B critical periods C linguistic determinism D self-fulfilling prophecies E cognitive dissonance
B. critical periods
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called A the axon B a dendrite C a neurotransmitter D the synaptic cleft E
B. dendrite
The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for A pairs of twins reared together is greater than the correlation for pairs of twins reared apart B pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins C pairs of fraternal twins is greater than the correlation for other pairs of siblings D adopted children and their adoptive parents is greater than zero E adopted children and their adoptive parents is greater than the correlation for the same children and their biological parents
B. pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins
A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that A differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared B participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out C unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage D personality traits do not remain constant across the life span E men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles
B. participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out
Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? A Accommodation B Sensory adaptation C Weber's law D Assimilation E Phi phenomenon
B. sensory adaptation
Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a A speech deficit B visual deficit C motor deficit D hearing loss E slower heart rate
B. visual deficit
Lewis Terman's studies of gifted children indicated that A they often experience psychological problems as adults B they frequently have difficulty interacting with peers C they generally demonstrate above-average emotional stability and social satisfaction in adulthood D their intelligence scores continue to increase throughout their lives E they are more likely than average to have difficulties in marriage or other personal relationships as adults
C, they generally demonstrate above-average emotional stability and social satisfaction in adulthood
12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above? A 3 B 8 C 6 D 12 E 4
C. 6
In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class? A "Spanish is a difficult subject that I am very poor at." B "I sure hope that my Spanish professor is better than my high school Spanish teacher." C "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." D "If I spend more time studying, I'm sure I will do better than in high school." E "I need to find a good tutor to help me learn Spanish; I can't learn it on my own."
C. :Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills"
Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? A Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B Being able to navigate using directions C Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body D Being able to locate where a sound is coming from E Balancing oneself on a ladder
C. Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body
To minimize experimenter bias, researchers should use A random assignment B random selection C a double-blind design D a longitudinal design E a case study
C. a double-blind design
Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems? A Aphasia B Increased aggression C A loss of vision D A loss of motor coordination E A change in personality
D. A loss of motor coordination
lectrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following? A Calmness B A coma C Memory loss D Aggression E Sleep
D. Aggression
A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question ? A Methamphetamine B Cocaine C Caffeine D Alcohol E MDMA (Ecstasy)
D. Alcohol
A double-blind control is essential for which of the following? A A study comparing the IQ test scores of children from different educational systems B A study of relationships among family members C An experiment to determine the effect of a food reward on the bar-pressing rate of a rat D Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms E A survey of drug use among teenager
D. Assesement of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms
Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? A Sparky recognizes the sound of the can opener and excitedly goes to his bowl when he hears it. B Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does. C Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior. D Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning. E Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.
D. Cookie cowers when she hears pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightining
Which of the following is an example of using positive reinforcement to get a toddler to repeat the response of washing his hands after eating? A Explaining that washing his hands promotes cleanliness B Taking away toys when he forgets to wash his hands C Spanking him for not washing his hands D Giving him a treat for washing his hands E Allowing him to have dessert if he finishes his meal
D. Giving him a treat for washing his hands
A mental image of a spatial layout is called A an algorithm B a mental set C a heuristic D a cognitive map E insight
D. a cognitive map
Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj's having developed which of the following for door opening? A Accommodation B Object permanence C Conservation D A mental set E Divergent thinking
D. a mental set
Romina was at the park with her daughter and noticed several of the other mothers successfully redirecting their children's attention away from an ice-cream truck. Romina's daughter, who noticed the ice-cream truck, threw a tantrum when she did not get to buy some ice cream. The next time she took her daughter to the park, Romina made sure to notice the truck before her daughter did and redirected her behavior using the same techniques the other mothers used. Which learning principle does Romina's behavior demonstrate? A Classical conditioning B Latent learning C Positive reinforcement D Modeling E Overjustification effect
D. modeling
If students get approximately the same score on the second administration of a test as they did on the first, then the test is A valid B normed C objective D reliable E standardized
D. reliable
Evidence for the opponent-process theory of color vision is provided by the fact that A it takes several minutes for the eyes to fully adapt to darkness B there are three different types of cones in the retinas C the eyes perceive visual illusions, such as the Müller-Lyer illusion D the eyes see negative afterimages after staring at saturated colors for several minutes E the color of an object does not appear to change with changes in illumination
D. the eyes see negative afterimages after staring at saturated colors for several minutes
A prototype is best defined as A an example of habituation B an example of bottom-up processing C the equivalent of feature abstraction D the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category E an essential element of category membership
D. the hypothetical "most typical" instance of category
Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad's conclusion is that A she did not randomly assign the students to her classroom. B she needs an equal number of students in each class in order to draw comparisons. C there is no dependent variable in this scenario. D time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario. E she should have used the single-blind method.
D. the time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter? A Epinephrine B Endorphins C Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D Substance P E Dopamine
E dopamine
Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school? A Physiological B Cognitive C Educational D Clinical E Industrial-organizational
E industrial-organizations
Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as A survey B case study C experiment D correlational research E naturalistic observation
E naturalistic observation
Which scenario best exemplifies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? A Aaron has larger muscles than Earl because Aaron lifts weights and Earl does not. B A natural disaster wipes out all of the living creatures on a particular island. C An ape learns how to use a new tool by observing another ape use that tool. D A baby spreads out its toes in response to having its foot stroked. E A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.
E. A mutation in species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings lead to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation
Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above? A Accommodation B Texture gradient C Relative size D Interposition E Linear perspective
E. Linear perspective
In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development? A Cinical case study B Between subjects C Cross-sectional D Ethnographic E Longitudinal
E. Longitudal
The brain is NOT involved in initiating action in which of the following situations? A Julie laughs at a joke made by her friend. B Chris is daydreaming about going for a jog on a beautiful morning. C Heather has fallen asleep and is experiencing a vivid dream. D Barney is driving and sees a motorist swerve into his lane. E Maureen reflexively pulls her hand away from fire.
E. Maureen reflexitady pulls her hand away from fire
Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? A Computed tomography (CT) B Electrooculography (EOG) C Electroencephalography (EEG) D Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E Positrion emission tomography (PET)
E. Positron emission tomography (PET)
The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives? A Behavioral B Biological C Cognitive D Humanistic E Psychoanalytic
E. Psychoanalytic
Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues? A Relative size B Interposition C Texture gradient D Linear perspective E Retinal disparity
E. Retinal disparity
The nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions? A Is perception accomplished by passive detection of images in the environment or by active detection of information? B Is language acquisition fairly complete by the early school years, or are most linguistic forms mastered only in adolescence? C Is gender identity most influenced by parental upbringing or by interaction with same-sexpeers? D Does development proceed through a series of stages, or is it continuous? E Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?
Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is ti a result of biological maturation?
A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A Occipital lobe B Wernicke's area C Auditory cortex D Parietal lobe E Basal ganglia
b. Wernicke's area
The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as A negative reinforcement B spontaneous recovery C shaping D latent learning E implicit learning
c. shaping
