psych of aging ch 1-4

"as we get older we get more diverse because of life experiences"

-5% of older adults are in nursing homes -sex life stays strong -socially active through working, volunteering, family -cognitive loss occurs in a minority of adults -ability to learn continues -short term memory becomes less but long term maintains -older adults are more satisfied and become more optimistic -creativity thrives

four principles of adult development and aging

-changes are continuous (continuity principle) -only the survivors grow old (limitations such as genetics, accidents, an unhealthy lifestyle, not having access to healthcare) -individuality matters (experiences differentiate -normal aging

age

Measure how many years/months/days a person has lived up to the present moment

selective optimization with compensation model

Optimize: become expert at that activity Compensate: taje age-related changes into account Select: choose one of many possible activities

dependent variable

Outcome that researchers observe

cohort effects

Refer to the social, historical, and cultural influences that affect people during a particular period of time -younger people are exposed to more technology

quasi experimental design

Researchers compare groups on predetermined characteristics -use because age cannot be manipulated

Prospective study

Researchers draw from a population of interest before the sample develops a particular type of illness or experiences a particular type of life event

Descriptive (single-factor) research designs

Studies that catalog information about how people perform based on their age but do not attempt to rule out social or historical factors

selective attrition

The fact that people who drop out of a longitudinal study are not necessarily representative of the sample that was originally tested

forced into retirement is more difficult? man or woman

a man

cross linking theory of aging

advanced glycation end products ("AGE's") form between collagen molecules, causing them to lose elasticity

Cross-linking theory of aging

advanced glycation end products (AGE's) form between collagen molecules, causing them to lose elasticity

identify at time 1

age-related change threshold experience leads to path 1 identity assimilation (denial of age change)

spirituality

assists with connections to other and seeing life as meaningful

macrosystem

attitudes and ideologies of the culture

autoimmune theory

autoimmune system doesn't work ass efficiently making us more susceptible (higher risk) to disease and illness

niche-picking

being good at a sport (partly genetically determined) leads to further involvement in the sport which, in turn, further improves those abilities, having the environment available to you

Religion

beneficial to aging process and gives support

Normative age-graded influences

biological- social clock. Psychological, and sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age -ex: early adulthood (20-30) start career, family, relationship

Chronological age

can be used to represent expectations and privileges within that culture (vary throughout age such as marriage, drinking, military)

individual

center of the system

Optimal aging

changes that improve the individual's functioning such as exercise and socialization with others, optimistic people tend to have better aging -gain

personal aging

changes that occur within the individual, reflecting time's effects on the body

race

classification within the species based on physical and structural characterisitcs

issues with studying adult development

cohort effect and only the survivors grow old biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces

mesosystem

connection between systems (ex: home life will benefit from a positive work environment)

ethnicity

cultural background of an individual

multidirectionality

development can proceed in multiple directions within the same person a concept

Interindividual differences

differences between people in performance

normal aging

different from disease: means that growing older doesn't necessarily mean growing sicker

microsystem

directly influence development on a daily basis (family, peer group, friends, school, health services, religion)

secondary aging

disease related impairments due to developing an illness from environment, behavior, genetics -loss

epigenetic principle

each stage along the diagonal unfolds from the previous stage in a predestined order

social aging

effects of person's exposure to a changing environment

mechanistic

environmental influences and change in response to learning; behavioristic

protective for women for heart disease and osteoporosis....

estrogen

Non-normative influences

events that may be important for a particular individual but not experienced by most people- not everyone experiences ex: random events, fires, divorce

Normative history-graded influences

events that most people in a culture experience at the same time ex: mass shootings, 9/11- stereotype

people of color that are transgender or non-binary....

experience more issues and violence than their white peers

independent variable

factor that the researcher manipulates

terror management theory

fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults

social clock

feeling the pressure of being "on time" through cultural rules

income

flow of earning

free radical theory

free radicals (unpaired electrons) cause cellular damage, antioxidants protect the cell contributing electrons to stabilize the free radical

Sex and gender

gender inclusive restrooms are increasingly common in public facilities as the binary concept of gender is becoming outdated

primary aging

normal age related changes such as eye sight, wrinkles, elasticity in skin from collagen -loss

modernization hypothesis

older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies

inoculation hypothesis

older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination and stereotyping

Chronosystem

passage of time changes how your development is impacted; as we develop and the time as to which things happen (ex: losing a parent at a young age or retirement)

Piaget's theory proposes....

people change their schemas in response to new experiences (assimilation and accommodation)

Reciprocity in development

people influence and are influenced by the people around them, leading to developmental change also called the life footprint

continuity principle

people remain the "same" even though they change, it's a gradual progression with change

occupation

prestige rankings

telomere theory of aging

proposes that with cellular replication the telomeres shorten until the no longer present to protect the ends of the chromosomes

telomere theory of aging

proposes that with each cellular replication the telomeres shorten until they are no longer present to protect the ends of the chromosomes

Model linking environmental factors to disease

psychosocial factors can cause disease either through the direct pathway of causing harmful biological changes or the indirect pathway of causing unhealthy behaviors that cause biological changes. The outcome in either case is increased risk of disease.

Tertiary aging

rapid decline shortly before death, also known as terminal drop -loss

psychological age

reaction time, memory, learning ability, intelligence

Intraindividual differences

refer to the variations in performance within the same individual

if you make it to 85 or older....

represent an increasingly select group of the population

Non-normative influences; continuity principle

the changes that people experience in later adulthood build on the experiences they had in their earlier years applies to - the way that people think about their own identities

the gini coefficient

the closest to 1 the more inequality and the closest to 0 the less equality

multiple jeopardy hypothesis (intersectionality)

the various factors of one's identity that lead to discrimination or oppression, such as gender, class, or race, have a multiplicative effect on the discrimination that person experiences

disengagement theory

well-being depends on becoming disengaged (healthier if you isolate, cut down on activity and engagement with others)

continuity theory

well-being depends on maintaining prior activity levels

activity theory

well-being depends on remaining active

random error theory of aging

when mitochondrial DNA is damaged by mutations such as bred mice show signs of premature aging

social age

work roles, family status, position in the community

2 types of genetic studies

Genome-wide associations study (GWAS) Genome-wide linkage study (study families of people)

the biopsychosocial model

-influence who were are, what we become, and how we behave -develop linear, in stages, or scattered -physical changes/genetics (biological) -social context, history, ethnic, and culture (sociocultural) -cognition, personality, emotions (psychological)

baby boomers grow up

-number of centenarians in the US: 739% increase by 2060 -race is changing/increasing along with the population: hispanics, asians, biracial, and african americans -relative increases in the world's older adult population between 2015 and 2050 with Asian countries become an increasingly large share of the world's older population by 2050 -Japan has the hightest number of centenarians

factors studied in Whitehall II

-social support at work -psychological workload -control over work pacing

centenarians

100 plus

super centenarians

110 plus

transgender elders....

2 times more likely to encounter verbal and physical violence and more likely to experience healthcare discrimination, job loss, etc -have less fear because they are less out

transgender individuals 55 or older have attempted suicide

49 percent

young-old

65-74

old-old

75-84

oldest-old

85 plus

organized religion

Can get involved and provides older adults with coping support

biological age

Cardiovascular, respiratory, muscle and bone strength, cellular aging

variable

Characteristic the "varies" from individual to individual

cohort

Describe the year (or period) of a person's birth

after menopause women become more equal with....

heart disease

path 2 of Piaget's theory

identity accommodation

brofenbrenner's ecological perspective

individual, microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

organismic

inherited traits and change through maturation

interactionist

interactive process between the two. We are influenced bi-directional

compression of morbidity

live a better life if you have more sickness towards the end will have better quality of life

education

measured in years

calorie restriction theory

restricting calories to a specific amount rather than recommended amount to live longer

contextual influences on developmental

sex, race, ethnicity, social class, income, and culture

experimental design

study a question of interest by deciding on conditions that will allow them to manipulate a particular independent variable

if you make it to 70/80....

survivor

ecosystem

systems that we utilize (mass media, politics, neighbors, social services, industry) indirectly impacts you

Intersectionality

taking into account every aspect of us to choose whether an individual has privilege or is oppressed including but not limited to race, gender, age, etc.

where does ageism come from

terror management theory and modernization hypothesis

plasticity

the brains ability to cope with constant change, more when we are younger