psych of aging ch 1-4
"as we get older we get more diverse because of life experiences"
-5% of older adults are in nursing homes -sex life stays strong -socially active through working, volunteering, family -cognitive loss occurs in a minority of adults -ability to learn continues -short term memory becomes less but long term maintains -older adults are more satisfied and become more optimistic -creativity thrives
four principles of adult development and aging
-changes are continuous (continuity principle) -only the survivors grow old (limitations such as genetics, accidents, an unhealthy lifestyle, not having access to healthcare) -individuality matters (experiences differentiate -normal aging
age
Measure how many years/months/days a person has lived up to the present moment
selective optimization with compensation model
Optimize: become expert at that activity Compensate: taje age-related changes into account Select: choose one of many possible activities
dependent variable
Outcome that researchers observe
cohort effects
Refer to the social, historical, and cultural influences that affect people during a particular period of time -younger people are exposed to more technology
quasi experimental design
Researchers compare groups on predetermined characteristics -use because age cannot be manipulated
Prospective study
Researchers draw from a population of interest before the sample develops a particular type of illness or experiences a particular type of life event
Descriptive (single-factor) research designs
Studies that catalog information about how people perform based on their age but do not attempt to rule out social or historical factors
selective attrition
The fact that people who drop out of a longitudinal study are not necessarily representative of the sample that was originally tested
forced into retirement is more difficult? man or woman
a man
cross linking theory of aging
advanced glycation end products ("AGE's") form between collagen molecules, causing them to lose elasticity
Cross-linking theory of aging
advanced glycation end products (AGE's) form between collagen molecules, causing them to lose elasticity
identify at time 1
age-related change threshold experience leads to path 1 identity assimilation (denial of age change)
spirituality
assists with connections to other and seeing life as meaningful
macrosystem
attitudes and ideologies of the culture
autoimmune theory
autoimmune system doesn't work ass efficiently making us more susceptible (higher risk) to disease and illness
niche-picking
being good at a sport (partly genetically determined) leads to further involvement in the sport which, in turn, further improves those abilities, having the environment available to you
Religion
beneficial to aging process and gives support
Normative age-graded influences
biological- social clock. Psychological, and sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age -ex: early adulthood (20-30) start career, family, relationship
Chronological age
can be used to represent expectations and privileges within that culture (vary throughout age such as marriage, drinking, military)
individual
center of the system
Optimal aging
changes that improve the individual's functioning such as exercise and socialization with others, optimistic people tend to have better aging -gain
personal aging
changes that occur within the individual, reflecting time's effects on the body
race
classification within the species based on physical and structural characterisitcs
issues with studying adult development
cohort effect and only the survivors grow old biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces
mesosystem
connection between systems (ex: home life will benefit from a positive work environment)
ethnicity
cultural background of an individual
multidirectionality
development can proceed in multiple directions within the same person a concept
Interindividual differences
differences between people in performance
normal aging
different from disease: means that growing older doesn't necessarily mean growing sicker
microsystem
directly influence development on a daily basis (family, peer group, friends, school, health services, religion)
secondary aging
disease related impairments due to developing an illness from environment, behavior, genetics -loss
epigenetic principle
each stage along the diagonal unfolds from the previous stage in a predestined order
social aging
effects of person's exposure to a changing environment
mechanistic
environmental influences and change in response to learning; behavioristic
protective for women for heart disease and osteoporosis....
estrogen
Non-normative influences
events that may be important for a particular individual but not experienced by most people- not everyone experiences ex: random events, fires, divorce
Normative history-graded influences
events that most people in a culture experience at the same time ex: mass shootings, 9/11- stereotype
people of color that are transgender or non-binary....
experience more issues and violence than their white peers
independent variable
factor that the researcher manipulates
terror management theory
fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults
social clock
feeling the pressure of being "on time" through cultural rules
income
flow of earning
free radical theory
free radicals (unpaired electrons) cause cellular damage, antioxidants protect the cell contributing electrons to stabilize the free radical
Sex and gender
gender inclusive restrooms are increasingly common in public facilities as the binary concept of gender is becoming outdated
primary aging
normal age related changes such as eye sight, wrinkles, elasticity in skin from collagen -loss
modernization hypothesis
older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies
inoculation hypothesis
older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination and stereotyping
Chronosystem
passage of time changes how your development is impacted; as we develop and the time as to which things happen (ex: losing a parent at a young age or retirement)
Piaget's theory proposes....
people change their schemas in response to new experiences (assimilation and accommodation)
Reciprocity in development
people influence and are influenced by the people around them, leading to developmental change also called the life footprint
continuity principle
people remain the "same" even though they change, it's a gradual progression with change
occupation
prestige rankings
telomere theory of aging
proposes that with cellular replication the telomeres shorten until the no longer present to protect the ends of the chromosomes
telomere theory of aging
proposes that with each cellular replication the telomeres shorten until they are no longer present to protect the ends of the chromosomes
Model linking environmental factors to disease
psychosocial factors can cause disease either through the direct pathway of causing harmful biological changes or the indirect pathway of causing unhealthy behaviors that cause biological changes. The outcome in either case is increased risk of disease.
Tertiary aging
rapid decline shortly before death, also known as terminal drop -loss
psychological age
reaction time, memory, learning ability, intelligence
Intraindividual differences
refer to the variations in performance within the same individual
if you make it to 85 or older....
represent an increasingly select group of the population
Non-normative influences; continuity principle
the changes that people experience in later adulthood build on the experiences they had in their earlier years applies to - the way that people think about their own identities
the gini coefficient
the closest to 1 the more inequality and the closest to 0 the less equality
multiple jeopardy hypothesis (intersectionality)
the various factors of one's identity that lead to discrimination or oppression, such as gender, class, or race, have a multiplicative effect on the discrimination that person experiences
disengagement theory
well-being depends on becoming disengaged (healthier if you isolate, cut down on activity and engagement with others)
continuity theory
well-being depends on maintaining prior activity levels
activity theory
well-being depends on remaining active
random error theory of aging
when mitochondrial DNA is damaged by mutations such as bred mice show signs of premature aging
social age
work roles, family status, position in the community
2 types of genetic studies
Genome-wide associations study (GWAS) Genome-wide linkage study (study families of people)
the biopsychosocial model
-influence who were are, what we become, and how we behave -develop linear, in stages, or scattered -physical changes/genetics (biological) -social context, history, ethnic, and culture (sociocultural) -cognition, personality, emotions (psychological)
baby boomers grow up
-number of centenarians in the US: 739% increase by 2060 -race is changing/increasing along with the population: hispanics, asians, biracial, and african americans -relative increases in the world's older adult population between 2015 and 2050 with Asian countries become an increasingly large share of the world's older population by 2050 -Japan has the hightest number of centenarians
factors studied in Whitehall II
-social support at work -psychological workload -control over work pacing
centenarians
100 plus
super centenarians
110 plus
transgender elders....
2 times more likely to encounter verbal and physical violence and more likely to experience healthcare discrimination, job loss, etc -have less fear because they are less out
transgender individuals 55 or older have attempted suicide
49 percent
young-old
65-74
old-old
75-84
oldest-old
85 plus
organized religion
Can get involved and provides older adults with coping support
biological age
Cardiovascular, respiratory, muscle and bone strength, cellular aging
variable
Characteristic the "varies" from individual to individual
cohort
Describe the year (or period) of a person's birth
after menopause women become more equal with....
heart disease
path 2 of Piaget's theory
identity accommodation
brofenbrenner's ecological perspective
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
organismic
inherited traits and change through maturation
interactionist
interactive process between the two. We are influenced bi-directional
compression of morbidity
live a better life if you have more sickness towards the end will have better quality of life
education
measured in years
calorie restriction theory
restricting calories to a specific amount rather than recommended amount to live longer
contextual influences on developmental
sex, race, ethnicity, social class, income, and culture
experimental design
study a question of interest by deciding on conditions that will allow them to manipulate a particular independent variable
if you make it to 70/80....
survivor
ecosystem
systems that we utilize (mass media, politics, neighbors, social services, industry) indirectly impacts you
Intersectionality
taking into account every aspect of us to choose whether an individual has privilege or is oppressed including but not limited to race, gender, age, etc.
where does ageism come from
terror management theory and modernization hypothesis
plasticity
the brains ability to cope with constant change, more when we are younger
