Psych of Everyday Life exam 2

Big Five

1.Extraversion 2.Neuroticism 3.Openness to experience 4.Agreeableness 5.Conscientiousness

Terror Management Theo

1.Human cognition is unique in that it allows us to be aware of our own mortality. 2.This creates great anxiety, which can be reduced by cultural worldviews that promote self-esteem and faith. 3.These constructs give people a sense of order, context, and meaning. Reminding people of their mortality (mortality salience) leads to increased self-esteem as an anxiety buffer

Play the role of a research assistant who is creating stimuli for an attraction experiment. Which of the following romantic pairings is least likely, according to Berscheid et al's classical research?

A female "8" and a female "3"

Adler's Individual Psychology

Adler believed that our most important drive is not sexuality, but our striving for superiority compensation -- efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities inferiority complex -- exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy Marilyn Monroe

Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to

Become aggressive or violent

Self efficacy is most associated with

Beliefs about what you do

Which of the following individuals based his theory on the importance of the self-concept?

Carl rogers

All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process except

Cognition vs affect

Which of the following is considered the most meaningful aspect of eye contact?

Duration of eye contact

Which of the following types of self disclosure is most likely to lead to feelings of intimacy between individuals?

Emotional

Which of the following sources influences the development of one's self-concept?

Feedback from others

Like most people, Clark engages in self-defeating behavior because

He has a strong desire to escape from immediate, painful feelings

Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization

Human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs - "a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

Consciously trying to present oneself to others in a positive way is called

Ingratiation

Individuals reared in individualistic cultures are less likely than those from collective cultures to perceive themselves as

Interdependent

Which of the following is not an example of a general principle of nonverbal communication?

It uses universally accepted meanings

Jung's Analytical Psychology

Jung also focused on the role of the unconscious: personal unconscious -- which is similar to Freud's unconscious layer, and collective unconscious -- a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race

Observational learning

Learning that involves acquiring skills, strategies, and beliefs by observing others

Your classmate, Lily, seems to take selfies everywhere. Also, her twitter updates often consist of seemingly meaningless activities such as using the restroom successfully, and include the detail that she washed her hands afterward. How would the authors of spotlight on research most likely interpret Lily's behavior?

Lily is engaging in these behaviors to maintain her current status

Rogers's Person-Centered Theory

Personality contains only one construct, the self, or self-concept - "a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointment so that they would and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?

Scarcity

Miles was trying to decide whether to go to the cafeteria to eat, or take a nap between classes. This is an example of

Self-regulation

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives

Social cognitive theory undermines the foundation of behaviorism

Self-efficacy

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

personality trait

a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

operant conditioning

a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Narcissism

a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement

psychological test

a standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior

Behaviorism

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior view personality "as a collection of response tendencies

Humanism

a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Extinction -- the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Positive Punishment

adding something aversive (unpleasant)

Personality

an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

Projective tests

ask individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal aspects of their personalities

Tia's stepfather wears a t-shirt that says "Who's your daddy? I am!" He is usually critical of his stepdaughter and her friends. Moreover, he considers her unfit to voice her opinions during family meetings. Tia's stepdad is exhibiting traits associated with the ___________ parenting style?

authoritarian

Confirmation bias occurs in

casual social interactions, job interviews, courtrooms

Albert Bandura differed from other behaviors in that he gave an important role to

cognition

When disagreements arise over chores and other household obligations, Jane and her roommates hold an evening meeting to discuss fair ways to manage the issue. The students are exhibiting a _______ strategy for handling conflicts

collaborative

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

controversial 1.Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control. 2.Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality. Personalities are shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges

Perhaps the most basic barrier to effective communication is

defensiveness

archetypes

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Individualistic cultures tend to ________ as a conflict management strategy

encourage direct confrontations

Evolutionary Psychology

examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

According to the research on expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy

expectations of authority figures, such as teachers, influence subordinate's performance, targets adjust behaviors to fit perceiver expectations, and perceivers behave toward targets according to expectations

Lou blames his professor for not teaching well enough, and he attributes this as the role factor responsible for his failing statistics. Lou is making an ________ attribution

external

Michael typically posts three selfies an hour to his instagram account. If he does not receive a number of comments complimenting his appearance, he will take down the photo to use a different filter. Michael is most likely

high in narcissism

Abel does not listen or engage with other perspectives other than his own, or try outside his comfort zone. Abel would best be described as

high in neuroticism

According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the public stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to _________ the same-sex parent

identify with

Psychodynamic theories

include a variety of theoretical models derived from the work of Sigmund Freud

Collectivism

involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs

Individualism

involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships

NEO Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992)

is designed to measure the Big Five traits in research and clinical settings

defense mechanisms

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety and guilt

conscious

material "one is aware of at a particular point in time

unconscious

material "well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on one's behavior

preconscious

material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970)

measures 16 basic dimensions of personality, called source traits

Frankie is a calm and collected character. He seems to remain constant in the face of pressure to work and in his relationships. Frankie would best be described as low in

neuroticism

Mike served in the Army for four years and now is especially prone to follow direct orders from authority figures. Mike shows a high degree of

obedience

The results of milgram's study imply that

obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated

Positive reinforcement

occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of a pleasant stimulus

Negative reinforcement

occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Punishment

occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus

Observational learning

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Freud's psychosexual stages, in their correct order include

oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital

Self-report inventories

personality scales that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior

Attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called

projection

Tests norms

provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test

Validity

refers to the ability of the test to measure what it was designed to measure

Reliability

refers to the measurement consistency of a test

Standardization

refers to the uniform procedures used to administer and score a test

Fixation

results if the child fails to move forward from one stage to another and is usually caused by excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs at a particular stage

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on the idea that

some needs are more basic than others

Negative Punishment

taking away something desirable (pleasant)

hindsight bias

the common tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out

ego

the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

superego

the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

id

the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

Providing customers with free samples best illustrates which of the following compliance tactics

the reciprocity norm

Principles to keep in mind in a conflict situation include

to be clear in your status with the other person

Compared to those who are less attractive, physically attractive people are actually likely

to have better social skills

To be an effective listener, you need to

to pay attention to nonverbal signals

When your friend silently makes faces at you during a class lecture, the channel of communication is primarily

visual

self-actualizing persons

•Accurately tuned in to reality •Open, spontaneous, appreciative •Enjoy rewarding relationships •Thrive on their work and enjoy their sense of humor •Have more "peak experiences" •Balanced personality

Eysenck's Theory

•Personality as a hierarchy of traits. •Suggests that personality is a function of genetic differences in "conditionability." Special interest in explaining variations in extraversion-introversion

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

•This theory is unique in that it requires that we: •Pay attention to others' behavior •Understand the consequences that follow others' behavior •Store this information in memory