Psych of Everyday Life exam 2
Big Five
1.Extraversion 2.Neuroticism 3.Openness to experience 4.Agreeableness 5.Conscientiousness
Terror Management Theo
1.Human cognition is unique in that it allows us to be aware of our own mortality. 2.This creates great anxiety, which can be reduced by cultural worldviews that promote self-esteem and faith. 3.These constructs give people a sense of order, context, and meaning. Reminding people of their mortality (mortality salience) leads to increased self-esteem as an anxiety buffer
Play the role of a research assistant who is creating stimuli for an attraction experiment. Which of the following romantic pairings is least likely, according to Berscheid et al's classical research?
A female "8" and a female "3"
Adler's Individual Psychology
Adler believed that our most important drive is not sexuality, but our striving for superiority compensation -- efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities inferiority complex -- exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy Marilyn Monroe
Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to
Become aggressive or violent
Self efficacy is most associated with
Beliefs about what you do
Which of the following individuals based his theory on the importance of the self-concept?
Carl rogers
All of the following are dimensions of the attributional process except
Cognition vs affect
Which of the following is considered the most meaningful aspect of eye contact?
Duration of eye contact
Which of the following types of self disclosure is most likely to lead to feelings of intimacy between individuals?
Emotional
Which of the following sources influences the development of one's self-concept?
Feedback from others
Like most people, Clark engages in self-defeating behavior because
He has a strong desire to escape from immediate, painful feelings
Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization
Human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs - "a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
Consciously trying to present oneself to others in a positive way is called
Ingratiation
Individuals reared in individualistic cultures are less likely than those from collective cultures to perceive themselves as
Interdependent
Which of the following is not an example of a general principle of nonverbal communication?
It uses universally accepted meanings
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Jung also focused on the role of the unconscious: personal unconscious -- which is similar to Freud's unconscious layer, and collective unconscious -- a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race
Observational learning
Learning that involves acquiring skills, strategies, and beliefs by observing others
Your classmate, Lily, seems to take selfies everywhere. Also, her twitter updates often consist of seemingly meaningless activities such as using the restroom successfully, and include the detail that she washed her hands afterward. How would the authors of spotlight on research most likely interpret Lily's behavior?
Lily is engaging in these behaviors to maintain her current status
Rogers's Person-Centered Theory
Personality contains only one construct, the self, or self-concept - "a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
Two potential buyers made appointments to see Theresa's house, which is for sale. Theresa scheduled the appointment so that they would and the two buyers would see each other. Theresa is using which of the following compliance tactics?
Scarcity
Miles was trying to decide whether to go to the cafeteria to eat, or take a nap between classes. This is an example of
Self-regulation
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives
Social cognitive theory undermines the foundation of behaviorism
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
personality trait
a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Narcissism
a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, and a sense of entitlement
psychological test
a standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior
Behaviorism
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior view personality "as a collection of response tendencies
Humanism
a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Extinction -- the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Positive Punishment
adding something aversive (unpleasant)
Personality
an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
Projective tests
ask individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal aspects of their personalities
Tia's stepfather wears a t-shirt that says "Who's your daddy? I am!" He is usually critical of his stepdaughter and her friends. Moreover, he considers her unfit to voice her opinions during family meetings. Tia's stepdad is exhibiting traits associated with the ___________ parenting style?
authoritarian
Confirmation bias occurs in
casual social interactions, job interviews, courtrooms
Albert Bandura differed from other behaviors in that he gave an important role to
cognition
When disagreements arise over chores and other household obligations, Jane and her roommates hold an evening meeting to discuss fair ways to manage the issue. The students are exhibiting a _______ strategy for handling conflicts
collaborative
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
controversial 1.Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control. 2.Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality. Personalities are shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges
Perhaps the most basic barrier to effective communication is
defensiveness
archetypes
emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
Individualistic cultures tend to ________ as a conflict management strategy
encourage direct confrontations
Evolutionary Psychology
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
According to the research on expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations of authority figures, such as teachers, influence subordinate's performance, targets adjust behaviors to fit perceiver expectations, and perceivers behave toward targets according to expectations
Lou blames his professor for not teaching well enough, and he attributes this as the role factor responsible for his failing statistics. Lou is making an ________ attribution
external
Michael typically posts three selfies an hour to his instagram account. If he does not receive a number of comments complimenting his appearance, he will take down the photo to use a different filter. Michael is most likely
high in narcissism
Abel does not listen or engage with other perspectives other than his own, or try outside his comfort zone. Abel would best be described as
high in neuroticism
According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the public stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to _________ the same-sex parent
identify with
Psychodynamic theories
include a variety of theoretical models derived from the work of Sigmund Freud
Collectivism
involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs
Individualism
involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
NEO Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992)
is designed to measure the Big Five traits in research and clinical settings
defense mechanisms
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety and guilt
conscious
material "one is aware of at a particular point in time
unconscious
material "well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on one's behavior
preconscious
material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970)
measures 16 basic dimensions of personality, called source traits
Frankie is a calm and collected character. He seems to remain constant in the face of pressure to work and in his relationships. Frankie would best be described as low in
neuroticism
Mike served in the Army for four years and now is especially prone to follow direct orders from authority figures. Mike shows a high degree of
obedience
The results of milgram's study imply that
obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated
Positive reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of a pleasant stimulus
Negative reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened (increases in frequency) because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment
occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) because it is followed by the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus
Observational learning
occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Freud's psychosexual stages, in their correct order include
oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital
Self-report inventories
personality scales that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
Attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called
projection
Tests norms
provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test
Validity
refers to the ability of the test to measure what it was designed to measure
Reliability
refers to the measurement consistency of a test
Standardization
refers to the uniform procedures used to administer and score a test
Fixation
results if the child fails to move forward from one stage to another and is usually caused by excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs at a particular stage
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on the idea that
some needs are more basic than others
Negative Punishment
taking away something desirable (pleasant)
hindsight bias
the common tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
ego
the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
superego
the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
id
the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle
Providing customers with free samples best illustrates which of the following compliance tactics
the reciprocity norm
Principles to keep in mind in a conflict situation include
to be clear in your status with the other person
Compared to those who are less attractive, physically attractive people are actually likely
to have better social skills
To be an effective listener, you need to
to pay attention to nonverbal signals
When your friend silently makes faces at you during a class lecture, the channel of communication is primarily
visual
self-actualizing persons
•Accurately tuned in to reality •Open, spontaneous, appreciative •Enjoy rewarding relationships •Thrive on their work and enjoy their sense of humor •Have more "peak experiences" •Balanced personality
Eysenck's Theory
•Personality as a hierarchy of traits. •Suggests that personality is a function of genetic differences in "conditionability." Special interest in explaining variations in extraversion-introversion
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
•This theory is unique in that it requires that we: •Pay attention to others' behavior •Understand the consequences that follow others' behavior •Store this information in memory