Psych: Test 1 Chapter 1 Outlook

A microgenetic study would best be described as a.a very short longitudinal study.c.a very short cross-sectional study. b.a very long longitudinal study.d.a very long cross-sectional study.

a

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a a.theory.c.tabula rasa. b.critical period.d.case history.

a

Biology is to environment as __________ theory is to __________ theory. a.maturational; Skinner's operant conditioning b.psychosocial; ethological c.Piaget's; Freud's d.psychodynamic, Erikson's psychosocial

a

Erikson emphasized a.psychological and social aspects of development. b.biological and physical aspects of development. c.environmental influences on development. d.cognitive development.

a

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as the cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated a.observational learning.c.reinforcement. b.punishment.d.imprinting.

a

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on a.his patients' case histories.c.correlational research studies. b.observations of his children.d.experimental research studies.

a

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of a.Jean Jacques Rousseau.c.John Locke. b.Erik Erikson.d.John Watson.

a

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, a.outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages. b.each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages. c.physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development. d.the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

a

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that a.Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development, while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment. b.Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. c.Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not. d.Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

a

One drawback of structured observations is that a.the artificial nature of the setting may distort the behavior of interest. b.they cannot be used to study behaviors that occur naturally only rarely. c.they can only be used to study behaviors that occur in public settings. d.they cannot be performed in a laboratory.

a

Researchers studied the relationship between intelligence and friendship in children. Which of the following illustrates a negative correlation between the two variables? Children who are smart tend to have fewer friends than children who are not smart. Children who are smart tend to have more friends than children who are not smart. Children who are smart tend to have the same number of friends as children who are not smart. Children's intelligence is unrelated to the friendship patterns between children.

a

Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to. His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week. Seth's father tried to change Seth's behavior by using a.punishment.c.positive reinforcement. b.extinction.d.negative reinforcement.

a

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory a.emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development. b.suggests that learning is the key to understanding development. c.suggests that behavior should be considered in context. d.emphasizes the importance of maturation.

a

The id a.wants immediate gratification of bodily desires. b.provides a sense of morality. c.works to resolve conflicts. d.presses for socially acceptable actions.

a

The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that a.experience molds each person into a unique individual. b.children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold. c.heredity plays a major role in an individual's development. d.infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

a

The tendency to select socially acceptable answers is called a.response bias.c.validity. b.self-report.d.sampling behavior.

a

Travis insists that people are the masters of their own destinies. Travis believes in a.the active child.c.continuity. b.the passive child.d.discontinuity.

a

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a longitudinal approach? a.They cannot answer questions about the continuity or discontinuity of behavior. b.Subject dropout may alter results. c.Results may be specific to a particular cohort. d.Repeated testing may distort results.

a

Which of the following is a disadvantage of longitudinal studies? a.the development of "test-wise" subjects b.the complication of interpretation of differences between groups c.the sample of subjects over the course of the research stays the same d.the cost of conducting a longitudinal study is relatively low

a

Which of the following is true of sampling behavior with tasks? a.Sampling behavior with tasks may not really sample the behavior of interest. b.Sampling behavior with tasks can be used to observe behavior directly. c.Sampling behavior with tasks isn't a popular method because it isn't convenient to use. d.Sampling behavior with tasks might lead some children to provide socially acceptable answers.

a

Which of the following measures involves sampling behavior with a task? a.putting a number of objects in front of a child and having the child count them b.listening to children's everyday conversations and recording the complexity of their sentence structures c.asking children how much television they watch in one week d.having children fill out a questionnaire about their study habits

a

Ximena and Chris believe that they don't need to worry about parenting their new son, Brant, because he was born with a good nature and his good nature will determine his outcomes in life. Chris and Ximena's views of parenting are consistent with the __________ of the __________ issue. a.nature; nature-nurturec.connection; connection of domains

a

Yuri is interested in finding out whether exercise affects boys' and girls' performance on a memory task. The dependent variable in this situation is a.memory performance.c.the age of the children. b.the amount of exercise.d.gender.

a

__________ refers to whether a measure really measures what it is intended to measure. a.Validityc.Sampling b.Reliabilityd.Stability

a

A correlation of .82 was found between the number of hours studied and final exam scores. This means that a.students who studied less received higher exam scores. b.students who studied less received lower exam scores. c.studying caused students to receive higher exam scores. d.the amount of studying was unrelated to exam scores.

b

A measure is __________ if the results are consistent over time. a.representativec.valid b.reliabled.a sample

b

A researcher is interested in how toddlers perceive emotions. The researcher brings toddlers into a room and presents them with different photographs of faces, each representing a different emotion. The toddlers are asked to point to different emotions as the researcher reads them aloud. This is an example of what type of research design? correlational c. self-report sampling behavior with tasksd. naturalistic observation

b

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called a.positive reinforcement.c.extinction. b.negative reinforcement.d.punishment.

b

A weakness of experimental studies is that a.they cannot be used to determine cause and effect. b.results may not be representative of real-life behavior. c.they cannot be used in a laboratory setting. d.they are usually expensive.

b

Alvaro is interested in finding out how children's conceptions of death change with age. He decides to interview children and ask them questions such as "What happens when people die?" and "Do people eat when they die?" Alvaro is using a form of _________ to measure children's conceptions of death. a.naturalistic observationc.sampling behavior with tasks b.self-reportd.structured observation

b

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is a.usually done by the researcher alone. b.typically done by a review board. c.arbitrary because no one has established uniform guidelines for making decisions about whether research is ethical. d.determined by whether a study is deemed as being worthy of publication.

b

Detailed, systematic observations of individual children are referred to as a.blank slates.c.mental tests. b.baby biographies.d.critical periods.

b

Differences between age groups resulting from environmental events, rather than developmental processes, are referred to as a.response biases.c.representative samplings. b.cohort effects.d.artificial settings.

b

Dr. Roberts wants to compare the results of many studies that have looked at the relation between gender and math ability. Dr. Roberts would find a _______ most appropriate for his needs. a.microgenetic designc.longitudinal-sequential design b.meta-analysisd.quasi-experimental design

b

In an experimental study, the ________ is manipulated to observe its effects on another variable. a.dependent variablec.correlation coefficient b.independent variabled.random assignment

b

Irina wants to study infant language development. She decides to watch 10 babies once a month from birth to 2 years of age and write down the sounds they make and the words they use. Irina is using a.self-report.c.sampling behavior with tasks. b.systematic observation.d.interviews.

b

John Locke's views are consistent with a.the idea that development in different domains is connected. b.a passive view of the child. c.an emphasis on nature. d.a view of development as discontinuous.

b

Ludmilla is interested in finding out how children typically learn math concepts. She found a class of gifted math students willing to be her subjects. What might be an issue with using that particular group of students as subjects? a.response biasc.structured setting b.representative samplingd.cohort effects

b

Michael and Lisa are new parents and they believe that their actions will influence their new son. They don't think that their son's behavior will influence their parenting. Michael and Lisa's views of parenting are consistent with the ________ position of the ________ issue. a.nature; nature-nurturec.connection; connection of domains b.passive; active-passive childd.continuity; continuity-discontinuity

b

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is a.Erikson's theory.c.Piaget's theory. b.Bandura's social cognitive theory.d.Freud's theory.

b

Piaget believed that children a.are passively shaped by their experiences. b.actively try to make sense of their world. c.learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments. d.face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

b

Piaget stated that children's theories about the world a.remain the same until adulthood. b.undergo three major changes during development. c.are never tested by the children. d.are based on what adults tell them.

b

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years. Sarah believed she was a good swimmer, too, and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned 6. Bandura would say that __________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings. a.genetic factorsc.punishment b.self-efficacyd.negative reinforcement

b

The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that a.the human infant is born a tabula rasa. b.infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality. c.experience molds each human into a unique individual. d.parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

b

The moral agent in a child's personality is the a.ego.c.primitive instincts. b.superego.d.id.

b

Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that a.infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes. b.experience will mold infants into unique individuals. c.nature is more important than nurture. d.infants are born with a sense of morality.

b

When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior. a.negative reinforcementc.punishment b.positive reinforcementd.self-efficacy

b

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ___________ for learning that behavior. a.instinctc.blank slate b. critical periodd.emotional bond

b

Which of the following is a problem with the use of self-report? a.Answers do not lead directly to information on the topic of interest. b.Children may provide answers that are socially acceptable. c.The collection of information is not convenient. d.Children have very accurate memories, so their answers regarding past events can be trusted.

b

Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations? a.Researchers usually record all of a child's behaviors. b.Because children are being observed in their natural settings, the behavior of interest is less likely to be disturbed. c.This method is useful for studying phenomena that occur rarely. d.This method is useful for studying behaviors that occur in private settings.

b

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development? a.Sigmund Freudc.Jean Piaget b.John Watsond.Konrad Lorenz

b

Yvonne was a busy, energetic child who grew up to be a busy, energetic adult. Yvonne provides an example of a.the influence of nurture on development. b.continuity in development. c.the connectedness of different domains of development. d.the active role of the child in development.

b

__________________ uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families. a.Family policy b.Applied developmental science c.A quasi-experimental design d.The Index of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY)

b

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates what about the relation between two variables? a.The two variables are directly related. b.The two variables are inversely related. c.The two variables are completely unrelated. d.This coefficient indicates which variable was the "cause" and which the "effect."

c

A strength of experimental studies is that a.they measure behavior in a natural setting. b.no manipulation of variables is done. c.they allow conclusions about cause and effect. d.only a single study is needed to definitely settle a question.

c

Abe is investigating moral reasoning by asking children what they would do in different situations, such as if one of their friends would shoplift when they were together. He is concerned that children may be giving him the answers they think he wants to hear, rather than their genuine feelings about what they would really do. Abe is worried about a.cohort effects.c.response bias. b.representative sampling.d.confidentiality.

c

According to ethologists, some behaviors can only be learned a.when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished. b.through observational learning. c.during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior. d.when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved

c

Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her. Amanda's behavior was shaped by a.positive reinforcement.c.observational learning. b.negative reinforcement.d.self-efficacy.

c

B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts? a.imprintingc.operant conditioning b.self-efficacyd.observational learning

c

Based on her experience in rearing five children, Elaine believes that personality influences the rate of physical-motor development. Elaine appears to take the view that a.development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment. b.early development is related to later development. c.development in different domains is connected. d.children are at the mercy of the environment.

c

Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store. Eventually, Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy. According to theories of operant conditioning, what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store? a.Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time that they were in the store. b.Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time that they were in the store. c.Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store. d.Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.

c

Correlations can range from a.0 to 100.c.-1.0 to +1.0. b.1 to 10.d.-.10 to .10.

c

Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called a.self-efficacy.c.imprinting. b.adapting.d.maturation.

c

Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally in a study with a a.cross-sectional design.c.longitudinal-sequential design. b.longitudinal design.d.microgenetic design.

c

Dr. Land conducted a study in a preschool to test his hypothesis that the amount of unstructured time (free play) in a day affects the amount of unruliness that children display. Teachers systematically varied the amount of free play each day for a month, and Dr. Land's research assistants recorded the amount of unruliness children displayed each day. This study would best be described as a(n) a.correlational study.c.field experiment. b.laboratory experiment.d. quasi-experiment.

c

Erikson proposed a _________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge. a.biologicalc.psychosocial b.learningd.cognitive-developmental

c

If an ego could talk, it might say a."I want to eat NOW!" b."Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act?" c."Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally." d."Is that what your mother would do?"

c

In a correlational study a.factors are manipulated to determine whether they are related. b.it is possible to determine whether there is a causal relationship between two variables. c.it is possible to determine whether two variables are related, but not whether there is a causal relationship between the variables. d.there is an independent variable and a dependent variable.

c

Jackie feels that superior genes are the primary reason her daughter Jacqueline is intellectually gifted. Jackie believes in the importance of a.the active child.c.nature. b.continuity.d.the connection of domains.

c

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on a.the resolution of psychological crises. b.improvements in mental hardware and software. c.children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds. d.adaptive behaviors that are learned during critical periods.

c

Mary chose to assess the quality of infants' relationships with their caregivers by observing infants in a laboratory situation wherein the infants experienced a series of separations from and reunions with their caregivers. What kind of measure did Mary use? a.self-reportc.structured observation b.naturalistic observationd.questionnaire

c

Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair. Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behavior if a.the boy is not very popular. b.a teacher sends Nate to time-out. c.the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair. d.the boy is not very smart.

c

Olivia wants to find out how many calories children of various ages consume. She asks parents of children aged 2 to 6 to bring their children to the laboratory for an hour session. While there, children are encouraged to eat as much as they want. Which of the following designs is Olivia using? longitudinalc. cross-sectional microgeneticd. longitudinal-sequential

c

Professor Fischer observes three different age groups over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this? a.cross-sectional design.c.longitudinal-sequential design. b.longitudinal design.d.microgenetic design.

c

Psychosocial theory is associated with a.Arnold Gesell.c.Erik Erikson. b.Sigmund Freud.d.Albert Bandura.

c

Sonja conducts an experiment to determine whether listening to music affects emotional state. She has children wait alone in a room that either did or did not have music playing and then has them complete a questionnaire asking about their current level of happiness. The independent variable in this study is a.how happy they were before the study began. b.being alone in the room while waiting. c.whether or not music was playing in the room. d.their level of happiness as rated on the questionnaire.

c

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with a.experience.c.thinking. b.personality.d.context.

c

The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of a.industry vs. inferiority.c.trust vs. mistrust. b.autonomy vs. shame and doubt.d.identity vs. identity confusion.

c

The idea of continuity in development a.is consistent with the view that behavior during the preschool years is not related to behavior during later childhood. b.means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains. c.is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development. d.means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.

c

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with a.the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains. b.the role that children play in influencing their own development. c.the roles that biology and environment play in development. d.how early development is related to later development.

c

To measure children's social skills, you decide to use the number of interactions children have with other children as your measure of social skills. As you collect data, you notice that some children who have many interactions do not seem to be very socially skilled because many of their interactions are negative. This makes you question the __________ of your measure. a.samplingc.validity b.stabilityd.reliability

c

Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school, she was excused from setting the table, a chore she detests. Krysia's parents were using __________ to modify her behavior. a.self-efficacyc.negative reinforcement b.punishmentd.positive reinforcement

c

Which of the following designs used in child-development research provides information about continuity and allows researchers to determine the presence of practice and cohort effects? a.microgenetic designc.longitudinal-sequential design b.cross-sectional designd.quasi-experimental design

c

Which of the following is a strength associated with measures that sample behavior with tasks? a.Children's behavior is seen as it occurs naturally. b.They almost always validly represent real-life behaviors. c.They are convenient to use. d.They assure representative sampling.

c

Which of the following is an ethical responsibility that researchers have to the participants in their research? a.Researchers do not need to explain the use of deception in their studies. b.Children's data should be linked with their names so that they can be identified easily. c.Researchers should minimize the potential for harm or stress to their participants. d.Researchers do not need to describe the research to participants before they decide to participate.

c

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective? a.Freud's psychosexual theory c.Gesell's maturational theory b.Bandura's social cognitive theoryd.Erikson's psychosocial theory

c

Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a.preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, and sensorimotor b.sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational c.sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational d.concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, and preoperational

c

___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body. a.Psychodynamicc.Maturational b.Ecologicald.Cognitive developmental

c

__________________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age-trends in children's beliefs and feelings. a.John Lockec.G. Stanley Hall b.Jean Jacques Rousseaud.Alfred Binet

c

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called a.positive reinforcement.c.self-efficacy. b.negative reinforcement.d.punishment.

d

A high correlation between a child's aggressive behavior (e.g., hitting, kicking, biting) and that of her parents (e.g., spanking) indicates that a.the child's aggression caused the spanking. b.the spanking caused the aggression. c.shared aggressive genes, a third factor, caused the child's aggression and the parents' spanking. d.aggression and spanking are related, but correlations do not indicate causality.

d

A researcher is interested in how the scores that children receive on a spelling test are affected by the amount of food that they eat for lunch. The independent variable is a.the age of the children.c.the words on the spelling test. b.the scores on the spelling test.d.the amount of food eaten for lunch.

d

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is a.the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans. b.determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong. c.the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds. d.determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

d

According to __________ children develop when they work with skilled adults, including parents and teachers. a.Piagetc.Freud b.Skinnerd.Vygotsky

d

According to __________ theory, development is a result of how conflicts are resolved. a.biologicalc.cognitive-developmental b.learningd.psychodynamic

d

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories? a.psychosocialc.maturational b.psychodynamicd.ethological

d

Cohort effects are most likely to be a problem in __________ studies. a.experimentalc.longitudinal b.correlationald.cross-sectional

d

During recess Melissa noticed that another girl dropped the doll she was playing with. According to Freud's theory, Melissa's ___________ would tell her to grab the doll and keep it as her own whereas her ___________ would tell her that taking another girl's doll would be wrong. id; egoc. superego; id superego; egod. id; superego

d

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of a.realizing that he is an independent person. b.establishing an intimate relationship with another person. c.developing a sense of trust in the world. d.developing a sense of his own identity.

d

Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories? a.maturationalc.ethological b.cognitive-developmentald.learning

d

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of a.Sigmund Freud.c.John Locke. b.Erik Erikson.d.Jean Jacques Rousseau.

d

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her a.ego.c.superego. b.imprinting.d.id.

d

If Mohammed took the same achievement test at three different times and received scores of 100, 55, and 75, the test would have low levels of a.validity.c.sampling behavior. b.representativeness.d.reliability.

d

If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to a.leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold. b.be very permissive with their children. c.assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development. d.plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

d

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will a.be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living. b.establish a loving relationship with another person. c.develop the ability to try new things and handle failure. d.have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

d

Jean Piaget is associated with ___________ theory. a.ecologicalc.learning b.psychodynamicd.cognitive-developmental

d

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behavior is a result of a.maturation.c.self-efficacy. b.tabula rasa.d.imprinting.

d

Marcio studies developmental changes in intelligence by testing one group of subjects when they are 4, 8, 12, and 16 years of age. What kind of design is Marcio using? a.self-reportc.cross-sectional b.observationald.longitudinal

d

Nehama believes that we could totally understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviors in the past. Nehama looks at child development as a(n) __________ theorist does. a.ecological c.psychodynamic b.cognitive-developmentald.learning

d

Professor Jameson is interested in studying the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on early infant development. Professor Jameson's study would best be described as a(n) a.correlational study.c.field experiment. b.laboratory experiment.d.quasi-experiment.

d

Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeann's beliefs fit most closely with __________ theory. a.maturationalc.learning b.psychodynamicd.ethological

d

Research measures that involve watching children's unprompted behavior in real-life settings are referred to as a.structured observations.c.self-report measures. b.tasks that sample behavior.d.naturalistic observations.

d

The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether a.genes or environment are most important. b.development in different domains is related. c.children actively influence their own development. d.early development is related to later development.

d

The fact that differences between age groups in a cross-sectional study may result as easily from chance environmental events as from significant developmental processes is a.an example of the sample constancy problem. b.a major problem of longitudinal studies. c.a problem with a random sample from a population of interest. d.a major disadvantage of the cross-sectional approach.

d

The variable in an experiment that is observed to see if it changes when another variable is manipulated is called the a.correlation coefficient.c.cohort. b.independent variable.d.dependent variable.

d

The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of a.Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory. b.Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory. c.Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory. d.Arnold Gesell's maturational theory.

d

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures? a.They are difficult to use with behaviors that are rare or that typically occur in private settings. b.They may be invalid because they cannot sample behavior as it occurs naturally. c.They may be invalid because structured settings distort the behavior. d.They may be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias.

d

Which of the following statements best represents the prevailing view among developmentalists? a.Social development is not related to cognitive development. b.Physical development is not related to cognitive development. c.Social development is not related to physical development. d.Physical, social, and cognitive development are interrelated.

d

Your neighbor tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, "You sound just like a.B.F. Skinner!"c.Urie Bronfenbrenner!" b.Sigmund Freud!"d.Jean Piaget!"

d

________ is a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables. a.Quasi-experimental designc.Naturalistic observation b.Microgenetic designd.Meta-analysis

d

__________ measures ask children questions about the topic of interest. a.Naturalistic observationc.Sampling behavior with tasks b.Structured observationd.Self-report

d

__________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children. a.Piagetc.Freud b.Skinnerd.Vygotsky

d

Imagine the following correlation: The more overweight the child, the slower his or her running speed. Given only this information, which of the following could be true? Being overweight causes children to run slower. Children who are slow runners are at a higher risk of being overweight. Having respiratory problems (such as asthma) as a child can cause children to run slower and to become overweight. Both A and B are possible. All of the above could explain the correlation — the researcher would need to do more to find out if any are actually true.

e