psych test 2

Which of the following suggestions would be the WORST advice for a dieter?

"Don't eat your meals with friends who are not on a diet."

A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

pessimists; optimists

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a

prototype

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Compared with girls living in father-absent families, girls with fathers present are less likely to experience

teen pregnancy

A mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past.

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

a cognitive label; physical arousal

According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Condoms have been ________ in preventing certain skin-to-skin STIs, such as herpes. Condoms have been ________ in preventing transmission of HIV.

about 80 percent effective; of limited protective value

A small number of the contributors to any field typically produce a disproportionately large share of its accomplishments despite the fact that their less productive professional colleagues are fairly comparable in raw ability. This best illustrates the importance of

achievement motivation.

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?

alarm reaction

Belief perseverance refers to

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Myra has such low self-esteem that she is often on the lookout for critical comments about her appearance and personality. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of

confirmation bias

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the

evolutionary perspective

The basic components of emotion are

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

food and water

People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-tenth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of

framing

Suddenly understanding the double meaning of a joke best illustrates

insight

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of

anger

Appetite-stimulating hormones and appetite-suppressing hormones are secreted by different neural centers within the

arcuate nucleus.

When offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they

are offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors.

By dramatically reducing her daily caloric intake, Marilyn plans to reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 percent. Research suggests that after three or four weeks of sustained dieting, Marilyn will

have a lower resting metabolic rate.

Master chess players can make correct game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like

intuition

Steve was sure he answered at least 70 questions correctly on his biology test. In fact, he was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates

overconfidence

An integrated understanding of sexual motivation in terms of sex hormones, sexual fantasies, and cultural values is most clearly provided by

the biopsychosocial approach.

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

A mother's immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced by male fetuses. This is most likely to contribute to

the fraternal birth order effect

The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

the tend-and-befriend response.

Research on stressful life events indicates that

those who have been recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more vulnerable to disease.