Psych Test 2

You are excited to be studying developmental psychology in China. You know that children's facial expressions are universal and that children do all of the following EXCEPT: -shake their heads when defiant -smile when they are happy -cry when distressed -fidget when they are sad.

D

cognitive appraisal

Personal interpretation of the situation that triggers stress

In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a(n) _____ face.

angry

If people hold smiles too ____, they may be detected as feigned.

long

Studies of Tibetan Buddhists deep in meditation and Franciscan nuns deep in centering prayer report that the subjects experience a diminished sense of self, space, and time and an intense state of relaxation. Brain scans reveal that the:

parietal lobe is less active and the left frontal lobe is more active

Which of the following are optimists more likely than pessimists to experience?

perceived control

Alone in your house, you hear a noise in the middle of the night. You get scared, begin to panic, and your heart is pounding. In this case, your emotional response to the situation best illustrates:

physiological arousal

Today, the empirical study of happiness is MOST closely associated with _____ psychology.

positive

Among a sample of Holocaust survivors, self-disclosure concerning their experiences was _____ associated with their physical health later on.

positively

A polygraph is used to monitor a person's:

respiration

Aerobic exercise increases the body's production of the neurotransmitter ________.

seratonin

A challenging or threatening event that causes stress is called a(n) _____.

stressor

the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala.

sympathetic division; autonomic nervous system

When Mark acts happy, he experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates:

the behavior feedback effect

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called:

the facial feedback effect

Reluctantly, you decide to take a long-awaited trip to New Zealand. The thing that is most disturbing to you is that you must leave your pet monkey behind. There is a "pet hotel" in the city that has agreed to take him for you. Should you worry about him

Yes, monkeys under stress due to social disruptions have weakened immune systems

You are preparing a lecture on the benefits of exercise and will highlight all of the following EXCEPT

exercise provides decreased warmth and body arousal

Julia awakes in the middle of the night to the sound of breaking glass. Her increased heart rate and respiration can BEST be explained as

fight or flight response

Dallas thinks two of his friends are highly compatible, so he is trying to get them together. To help get them interested in each other, Dallas might have them _____ for a couple of minutes.

gaze into each other's eyes

Derek's psychologist has asked him to write about a personal trauma he experienced as a child. How might this writing exercise influence his health

he will have fewer health problems in the coming months

Studies have shown that people who are easily angered to even small amounts of stress are more prone to:

heart attacks.

Macrophages are cells that:

identify, pursue, and attack harmful invaders in the body.

Susan was diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and was referred by her doctor to a mindfulness meditation group. Her doctor explained that meditation may help her by:

improving immune functioning and coping.

Mrs. Smith is strongly suspected of embezzling money from her employer. She has denied the allegation. To determine whether she is lying, investigators are most likely to ask Mrs. Smith to take a(n) ________ test.

polygraph

The field that studies mind-body interactions is called:

psychoneuroimmunology.

Perceived loss of control is associated with __________ epinephrine levels and __________ lymphocyte levels

raised, lowered

Women generally are more emotionally literate because they are better at:

reading nonverbal cues.

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:

resistance

During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at Ms. Dolly's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. She knows this from all of these clues EXCEPT that the smiles:

seem too wide.

Although Nina was almost hit by a bus, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.

_____ can come in many forms and be effective, including from significant others, friends, community members, and pets.

social support

Although Catherine's legs are paralyzed, she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might cause by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of

stress appraisal

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

stress appraisal.

When she missed her morning bus ride to work, Shelly's blood pressure rose and she experienced a throbbing headache. Her physical responses to missing the bus were

stress reactions

A health psychologist would be most likely to conduct research assessing the relationship between

unprotected sex and sexually transmitted diseases

In the context of culture and emotion, people in cultures that encourage individuality:

display mostly visible emotion

B lymphocytes is to T lymphocytes as _____ is to _____.

fighting bacterial infections; attacking viruses

To what degree can natural pessimists change their level of pessimism through conscious effort?

moderately

According to your text, emotionality is "more true of women," a perception expressed by nearly 100 percent of ____________________ Americans.

18- to 29-year-old

According to the textbook, nearly 100 percent of _____-year-old Americans perceive emotionality as more highly correlated with women than men.

18-29

People who attend religious services regularly live about _____ years longer than do nonattenders

8

These lymphocytes release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.

B Lymphocytes

_____ are to T lymphocytes as _____ are to B lymphocytes

Bacterial infections; cancer cells

You are alone in the woods. You hear a noise. You think you see a bear coming toward you. Your heart starts pounding and, at the same time, you realize you are afraid. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory of emotion?

Cannon-Bard theory

You look down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. You immediately feel your heart start to pound and you simultaneously experience fear. Which of the following theories best explains this emotional response?

Cannon-Bard theory

Who suggested that a sneer resembles attempts to threaten predators?

Charles Darwin

Who was the first researcher to suggest that facial expressions are preverbal?

Charles Darwin

_____ confirmed that basic facial expressions are culturally universal.

Ekman

Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is NOT an example of an adaptive fear response

Fear of acceptance can constrain us from harming one another

An empathetic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another personʼs shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which of the following supports that finding?

Females are more likely to express empathy (e.g., to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress).

The pioneering stress theorist _____ proposed the general adaptation syndrome to describe the body's response to stressors.

Hans Selye

Sam is generally a negative person. If he were to have an EEG recording of his brain when he was in a negative mood, what would he find?

He has increased right frontal lobe activity.

Jason is an introvert who prefers staying in and reading a good book. His friend Shawn is an extravert, who would much rather spend his time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and to express emotions:

Jason is better at recognition of emotion and Shawn is more expressive.

Rachel is a very optimistic young woman. She usually expects the best, even in uncertain times. Her college roommate Leah, on the other hand, is pessimistic and is always expecting the worst. For these two women, what do you predict would happen during finals week?

Rachel will have less fatigue and fewer colds than will Leah.

Who suggested that very similar physiological reactions are associated with a variety of different emotions?

Robert Zajonc

_________________ says that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation.

Robert Zajonc

Jeremy just finished watching his favorite rock music videos. He is then insulted by one of his friends. His feelings of anger are greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused by watching rock music videos. This is best explained by the:

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

_____ attack cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances.

T lymphocytes

sympathetic division; autonomic nervous system

These tests err about one-third of the time.

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates:

a spillover effect.

People become exhausted from chronic stress because the _____ is/are overloaded.

adrenal glands

Humans learn to fear situations and objects through the process of association. The ____________ plays an important role in associating various emotions with certain situations.

amygdala

NK cells are to macrophages as _____ is to _____.

attacking diseased cells; destroying worn-out cells

People can overestimate gender differences in emotional literacy by making different _____ about men's and women's behaviors.

attributes

Shane's doctor suggests that he begin an aerobic exercise program in addition to the psychotherapy for his depression. As a result, Shane will experience all of the following EXCEPT that he will

become more depressed from the stress of the exercise program

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of the:

behavior feedback phenomenon

In his 1872 book, The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin stated "He who gives way to violent gestures will increase his rage." This quote BEST fits with which theory?

behavior feedback phenomenon

_____ instruments mirror the results of a person's own efforts, enabling the person to learn which techniques do (or do not) control a particular physiological response

biofeedback

Samantha is angry she received a low exam grade because she attributed the grade to an unfair test. Brenda is depressed from receiving a low exam grade because she attributed the grade to a low intelligence level. These examples best illustrate that emotions are influenced by:

cognitive appraisals

People have been found to suffer fewer health problems following the death of their spouse if they

communicate their painful feelings of loss to close friends

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the sympathetic nervous system is related to the:

cortex

John has just finished a brutal tour of combat in Afghanistan where he saw a lot of fighting. Several of his friends were killed, but he was able to fight despite the death around him. The two stress hormones at play were _____ and _____

cortisol; epinephrine

A train is rapidly approaching, and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:

dilation of his pupils

six facial expressions which correspond to distinct universal emotions:

disgust, sadness, happiness ,fear ,anger, surprise

Congenitally blind athletes _____ social smiles, _____ Ekman's evidence for the universality of emotional expressions.

display; supporting

Attempting to alleviate stress by attending to one's feelings related to a situation is known as _____-focused coping

emotion

Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, but since he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat-screen television to help him take his mind off of his stress. This is an example of ______ coping.

emotion focused

Your friend's father has just passed away. You donʼt just say you are sorry for her loss, but rather you tell your friend that you truly feel the pain that she is going through. You really understand her grief and both of you are crying together as you can actually feel the loss in your heart, as well. This is an example of:

empathy.

Aerobic exercise ____________ the body's production of serotonin and ____________ its production of the endorphins

increases; increases

In comparison with the use of polygraphs, when concealed information tests are used with enough specific probes:

innocent suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners.

The _____ is activated when people experience _____ emotions.

insula; negative

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that our experience of emotion:

is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

In a positive mood, a person will experience increased activity in his or her:

left frontal lobe

Those who attend religious services regularly are more likely to experience which of the following in comparison to nonattenders?

live a longer lifespan

Feigned smiles are initiated _____ abruptly and last for a _____ time than genuine smiles.

more; longer

Which of the following is the MOST unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state?

our facial muscles

Some researchers suggest that there is a link between stress and cancer. However, one problem of focusing on this relationship is that some

patients blame themselves for their illness

Complex emotional reactions follow a neural pathway from:

the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala.

Since 1950, Americans' happiness has remained constant, even though their buying power has:

tripled