Psych test

Another name for observational learning is: modeling. latent learning. maze learning. visual learning.

modeling

_____ is the phase of classical conditioning during which initial response learning occurs. Generalization Discrimination Delay Acquisition

Acquisition

Joan has conditioned her cats to salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. In this case, the noise from shaking the box of treats serves as the: UCR (unconditioned response). UCS (unconditioned stimulus). CR (conditioned response). CS (conditioned stimulus).

CS (conditioned stimulus).

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, a tone was used as the _____, and food inserted in the mouth served as the _____. CR; UCR CS; UCS UCS; CS UCR; CR

CS; UCS

_____ is/are often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning. Observational learning Both operant conditioning and classical conditioning Operant conditioning Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

Which statement about classical conditioning is FALSE? Extinction follows acquisition. Generalization follows acquisition. Generalization precedes acquisition. Extinction precedes spontaneous recovery.

Generalization precedes acquisition.

_____ neurons respond not only when one performs an action but also when one observes another person perform the same action. a. Grid b. Mirror c. Place d. Motor

Mirror

_____ are techniques that are useful in improving memory performance, especially memory for item lists. Memorizations Mnemonics Spacing techniques State-dependent techniques

Mnemonics

_____ is defined as the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals. The Yerkes-Dodson law Motivation An incentive Arousal

Motivation

Which of the following is LEAST effective as a study method? Repeating information in short-term memory over and over again Continuing to study material past the point of initial learning Repeated self-testing during the study periods Distributing studying over the entire preparation interval

Repeating information in short-term memory over and over again

_____ memory is BEST thought of as the memory stage with a small capacity and a duration of less than 30 seconds that involves conscious awareness, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. Sensory Declarative Short-term Long-term

Short-term

In operant conditioning, any stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated is _____. Any stimulus that decreases the probability that a behavior will be repeated is _____. a punisher; a reinforcer positive; negative a reinforcer; a punisher negative; positive

a reinforcer; a punisher

In Watson and Rayner's famous experiment involving "Little Albert," they conditioned Albert to fear _____ and showed that this fear generalized to a _____. a. a white rat; rabbit b. wooden blocks; cloth curtain c. a loud clanging sound; brown rat d. Watson; hammer

a white rat; rabbit

When the CR (conditioned response) is elicited to the CS (conditioned stimulus), _____ has taken place. extinction generalization acquisition reinforcement

acquisition

Instinctual drift is BEST defined as the tendency for an: animal's instinctual behavior to drift away to related, but different, behaviors. animal to drift from place to place, in order to best fulfill its instinctual behavior. animal's instinctual behavior to be different from time to time, depending on the situation. animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response.

animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response.

Operant conditioning refers to the process of learning to: a. discriminate between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. b. associate behaviors with their consequences. c. change the effects of various behaviors from unwanted to desirable outcomes. d. operate in one's environment successfully.

associate behaviors with their consequences.

A difficulty with using Stern's intelligence quotient (IQ) formula to measure intelligence across the life span is that: the scores of very intelligent people cannot be determined. at some point, when mental age stabilizes, IQ will begin to fall. as one gets older, mental age will exceed the maximum possible score. the formula does not apply to young children, who will have negative scores.

at some point, when mental age stabilizes, IQ will begin to fall.

Using the memory span task, researchers found that MOST people can remember: meaningless information as well as meaningful information. between five and nine items. information presented visually for only 50 milliseconds. names better than faces.

between five and nine items.

Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying: digestive processes in dogs. digestive processes and responses to tones in dogs. digestive processes and the impact of delayed food presentation. response patterns among dogs to different tones.

digestive processes in dogs.

Watson and Rayner's experiments with "Little Albert" showed that: emotional responses can be conditioned to previously neutral stimuli. conditioning emotional responses are ethically acceptable. once an emotional response is conditioned, it will always exist. people are always afraid of rats.

emotional responses can be conditioned to previously neutral stimuli.

The three basic processes in the human memory system are: learning, remembering, and forgetting. recall, recognition, and incidental learning. learning, conditioning, and maintenance. encoding, storage, and retrieval.

encoding, storage, and retrieval.

David Wechsler believed in the importance of _____ on intelligence. As a result of his interest in broader assessments of intelligence that included nonverbal performance tests, he developed the _____ as alternatives to the Stanford-Binet test. heredity; WAIS and WISC environment; WAMP and WIMP heredity; WAMP and WIMP environment; WAIS and WISC

environment; WAIS and WISC

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called: extinction. discrimination. acquisition. generalization.

extinction

The inaccurate belief that chance is a self-correcting process underlies the: luck bias. self-correction illusion. chance oversight. gambler's fallacy.

gambler's fallacy.

When a stimulus that is similar to a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the conditioned response (CR), stimulus _____ has occurred. a. extinction b. generalization c. discrimination d. acquisition

generalization

The sensory registers are BEST defined as: the ears, eyes, nose, mouth, and skin. the brain structures at which sensory information first reaches the cortex. the cells in each of the sense organs that process incoming physical stimuli. holding places for incoming sensory information until it can be attended to.

holding places for incoming sensory information until it can be attended to.

Activating the right anterior temporal lobe and inhibiting the left anterior temporal lobe: has no effect on the likelihood of solving insight problems. decreases the likelihood of solving insight problems. increases the likelihood of solving insight problems. decreases the likelihood of solving insight problems, but only if there is also damage to the frontal cortex.

increases the likelihood of solving insight problems.

In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior _____; in punishment the probability of a behavior _____. increases; decreases decreases; increases increases; increases decreases; decreases

increases; decreases

Solving the "matchstick problem" frequently results from _____, the rapid understanding of the problem's solution. induction insight deduction serendipity

insight

In his research on _____, Edward Tolman was investigating whether learning occurs even when it is not demonstrated. biological preparedness instinctual drift latent learning

latent learning

Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of: instinctual drift. the partial reinforcement effect. latent learning. observational learning.

latent learning.

The duration of iconic memory is about _____ and its capacity is _____. less than one second; very small several minutes to an hour; very small less than one second; fairly large several minutes to an hour; fairly large

less than one second; fairly large

Hermann Ebbinghaus, an early memory researcher, used _____ to compute a _____ that showed how long it took to learn material that he had learned previously. nonsense syllables; savings score consonant trigrams; forgetting curve nine letter matrix; priming score nonwords; serial position curve

nonsense syllables; savings score

Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon, who developed the first accepted intelligence test for evaluating French schoolchildren, believed that intelligence was largely a result of _____. In contrast, Sir Francis Galton and Lewis Terman were advocates of _____ intelligence. nurture; inherited nature; inherited nurture; environmental nature; environmental

nurture; inherited

The self-reference effect refers to: the mistaken belief that events that involved other people actually happened to oneself. the assumption that others remember an experience the same way you do. one's tendency to relate, whenever possible, one's experiences to oneself. one's superior long-term memory for information related to oneself at time of encoding.

one's superior long-term memory for information related to oneself at time of encoding.

Negative reinforcement and punishment have _____ effects on behavior. identical similar unpredictable opposite

opposite

The _____ effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement is discontinued. partial reinforcement overjustification instinctual drift shaping

overjustification

When someone commits the conjunction fallacy they conclude that the: occurrence of either of two uncertain events is more likely than both events occurring together. occurrence of one uncertain event always exceeds the other. overlap between two uncertain events is more likely than either event on its own. overlap between two uncertain events can never be more likely than either event on its own.

overlap between two uncertain events is more likely than either event on its own.

According to operant conditioning, a child receiving a spanking for disobeying his parents is experiencing an example of: positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

positive punishment.

To decrease the probability of an undesirable behavior occurring, operant conditioning would suggest using: punishment. spontaneous recovery. modeling. reinforcement.

punishment

Negative punishment involves _____ an _____ stimulus. providing; appetitive removing; aversive removing; appetitive providing; aversive

removing; appetitive

In Pavlov's experiments, _____ was the unconditioned response. the meat powder the tone salivating to the meat powder salivating to the tone

salivating to the meat powder

The three stages of memory in the three-stage model are: sensation, perception, and processing. encoding, storage, and retrieval. sensory, short-term, and long-term. attention, recognition, and forgetting.

sensory, short-term, and long-term.

In operant conditioning, the process of training a human or animal to make a response by reinforcing successive approximations is called: shaping. behavior modification. partial reinforcement. variable reinforcement.

shaping

Classical conditioning is learning that one stimulus reliably _____ of another stimulus. a. causes the absence b. signals the absence c. causes the arrival d. signals the arrival

signals the arrival

Little Albert was classically conditioned to show fear avoidance in response to a white rat. However, Little Albert also showed fear avoidance when presented with white rabbits. This BEST illustrates the principle of: spontaneous recovery. stimulus generalization. stimulus discrimination. acquisition.

stimulus generalization.

During extinction trials: spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response (CR) occurs. the strength of the conditioned response (CR) increases. the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS). the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not presented.

the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Levels-of-processing theory assumes that there are _____ different levels at which incoming information can be processed. five four two three

three

A(n) _____ response is a reflex that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. delayed unconditioned conditioned trace

unconditioned

In the Little Albert study, the loud noise was the: a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). b. unconditioned response (UCR). c. conditioned response (CR). d. conditioned stimulus (CS).

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)