Psych test

Margaret is beginning to plan a research project for her psychology class. She wants to examine whether there is a difference between boys and girls in terms of the frequency with which they throw away their trash in the school cafeteria after they have finished eating lunch. Which of the following methodologies would most accurately measure the behavior of interest in Margaret's study?

. Naturalistic observation

In the Strange Situation setting, a toddler named George engages in very little exploration and spends almost all of his time with his caregiver when the caregiver is present. George's attachment style is best described as which of the following? secure insecure preoperational concrete operational

insecure

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of A. spontaneous recovery B. social learning C. latent learning D. insight learning

insight learning

A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze? A. Shaping B. Generalization C. Negative reinforcement D. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

shaping

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by: A. learned helplessness B. social learning theory C. classical conditioning D. self-efficacy

social learning theory

A newborn child is irritable, intense, and unpredictable. A developmental psychologist describes this child as difficult. This categorization is most likely referring to A. Attachment style B. maturation level C. temperament D. theory of mind

temperament

Three year old Desiree is playing with her friend Jacob at the playground. When Jacob falls from the swing and scrapes his knee, Desiree, who knows he likes hugs, runs to hug and comfort him. Desiree's actions display evidence of A. object permanence C. conservation B. egocentrism D. theory of mind

theory of mind

A researcher found that when infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they preferred a cloth surrogate mother over a wire mother who had food. The baby monkeys' response indicated which of the following? A. The amygdala develops earlier in monkeys than in humans B. Contact comfort was more important to them than food. C. Monkeys do not develop normally with artificial food sources D. Being raised with a terry cloth mother leads to an insecure attachment style.

B. Contact comfort was more important to them than food.

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for its behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following? A. An operant response B. An unconditioned response C. An unconditioned stimulus D. A classically conditioned response

an operant response

Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls our "Bird!" According to Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of A. assimilation B. accommodation C. habituation D. object permanence

assimilation

The graph above depicts the results of an experiment in which rats learned to navigate a maze in one of three conditions. According to the results, the food reward given to group C revealed A. higher order conditioning B. cognitive mapping C. secondary reinforcement D. observational learning

cognitive mapping

As Susie left for work, she said "goodbye" to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing "goodbye" followed by the door slam, her husband finches when he hears her say "goodbye." In this scenario, hearing the work "goodbye" is the A. unconditioned stimulus B. conditioned stimulus C. conditioned response D. unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

. A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn that the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called: A. object permanence C. functional fixedness B. equilibrium D. conservation

conservation

.A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example? A. animism B. assimilation C. egocentrism D. object permanence

egocentrism

Dr. Grant is a developmental researcher at a large university who studies the effect of macrosystem variables on individual behavior. She insists that her students use clear operational definitions of the variables they are investigating. Why would Dr. Grant insist that her students do this? A. To collect an adequate sample size B. To control for the effects of the dependent variable C. To ensure that the study can be accurately replicated D. To ensure that their studies are double-blind

C. To ensure that the study can be accurately replicated

For every 20 cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? A. Fixed ratio B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval

fixed ratio

Researchers conducted a study comparing intelligence levels of people across their life spans, as shown in the graph. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data comparing fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence over the life span of a person? A. Fluid intelligence tends to be stable over the life span. B. Crystallized intelligence is at its highest level in early childhood. C. Crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence begin to diverge around 30 years of age. D. Fluid intelligence is more developed than crystallized intelligence until puberty.

Crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence begin to diverge around 30 years of age

Nayanika is 50 years old and finds her career meaningful and impactful. She enjoys mentoring new employers, which gives her a sense of purpose. Which of the following best represents Nayanika's current stage of psychosocial development? A. Generativity B. Industry C. Identity D. Initiative

Generativity

26. Four-year- old Scott fell down at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? A. Grandmother's house; fear C. Fear; grandmother's house B. Grandmother's house; falling D. Falling; anxiety

Grandmothers house fear

Four-year-old Sawyer's mother is helping him put together a puzzle that he cannot put together alone. When his mother tries to help, she realizes that Sawyer is ready to learn this skill on his own. Cognitive psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky would label this as what psychological process for child learning? A. Accommodation B. Theory of mind C. Formal operational stage D. Zone of proximal development

Zone of proximal development

Developmental psychologists cannot experiment on whether exposure to mercury' during prenatal development causes delays in newborns' physical milestones, such as crawling and walking. Which of the following best explains why this is true? 1: a toxic metal, found in some fish, which acts as a teratogen A. Administering known harmful substances for experimentation is unethical B. Finding mother willing to ingest fish that might have mercury in them during pregnancy is difficult C. Studying the influence of any teratogen is always avoided by developmental psychologists. D. Too many outside variables exist for an experiment to be conducted on this topic.

A. Administering known harmful substances for experimentation is unethical

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive reinforcement? A. As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. B. While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. C. Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks. D. A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball.

A. As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant.

A 9-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which psychosocial stages of development? A. Industry vs. inferiority B. Identity vs. role confusion C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt D. Integrity vs. despair

A. Industry vs. inferiority

Maksym's parents set moderate expectations about discipline, exhibit high level of warmth, and have open lines of communication. Which of the following best describes the parenting style of Maksym's parents? A. Authoritarian B. Permissive C. Authoritative D. Scaffolding

Authoritative

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? A. After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital B. Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxious when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away. C. Marta has always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. D. After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.

B. Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxious when in the building.

2. Wyatt can hold a bottle between his fingers and palm at age six months, yet he is unable to grasp a piece of cereal between his thumb and index finger until age nine months. Which of the following descriptions best represents the developmental perspective regarding these milestones in physical development? A. The age at which each grasping technique develops is dependent on the frequency of practice and modeling B. The exact age at which each grasping technique develops varies from infant to infant, but the order in which these physical stages occur is the same. C. Most infants learn the finger-to-palm grasp ore quickly than the thumb-to-index-finger grasp because of early bottle feeding. D. Grasping an object between the index finger and thumb requires a level of adrenaline in the prefrontal cortex not present at age six months.

B. The exact age at which each grasping technique develops varies from infant to infant, but the order in which these physical stages occur is the same.

Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure? A. Conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus B. Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus C. Extinction of conditioned response D. Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response

B. Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires an oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switches classes each semester to avoid giving presentations. Scott's behavior has been A. positively reinforced B. negatively reinforced C. weakened D. classically conditioned

B. negatively reinforced

4. Which of the following identifies when a newborn infant is touched on the cheek and the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation? A. babbling B. rooting D. zone of proximal development C. critical period

B. rooting

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or stimulus, certain phobias (e.g. those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? A. Biological preparedness B. Stimulus discrimination C. Stimulus generalization D. latent learning

Biological preparedness

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last? A. Telegraphic speech B. Use of schemas C. Hypothetical thinking D. Assimilation

C. Hypothetical thinking

In the psychosocial theory development, which of the following best illustrates his notion of the struggle between intimacy and isolation? A. Jose is worried that they will not be successful in college and therefore will not get into medical school. B. Bobbi wants to establish a foundation to provide scholarships to students at her college for the C. Nisha just graduated from college and is worried about balancing their new career and a D. Spencer does not trust any of his teachers because he is convinced that none of them think he is a good student.

C. Nisha just graduated from college and is worried about balancing their new career and a

Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in strength of the conditioned response in trials 16-20? A. The CS and the US are continuing to be paired together B. The CS is getting weaker C. The CS and US are no longer being paired together D. The US is growing stronger

C. The CS and US are no longer being paired together

3. In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development? A. Clinical case study C. Cross-sectional B. Between subjects D. Longitudinal

D. Longitudinal

.When a child behaves well for an entire day the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as A. an unconditioned stimulus B. a conditioned stimulus C. a primary reinforcer D. a secondary reinforcer

D. a secondary reinforcer

Research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? A. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns B. Cry when she left and continue to cry until the mother returns C. Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns D. Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns.

Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Age of Acquisition of Second Language If various cultures expect students to master more than one language in school, which of the following courses of action are supported by the evidence presented in the graph? A. Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school. B. If schools offer effective programs, students can easily become fluent in a second language as long as they start learning it in high school. C. Schools should not implement a second language program for the youngest students because that instruction might impede their ability to master their primary language. D. Schools should introduce students to a second language between the ages of 11-15 to get the strongest results.

Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school.

Professor Whitmore conducted research to examine changes in cognitive A. The 80-year-old cohort will likely outperform the 20-year-old cohort on all cognitive measures. B. The 40-year-olds cohort will likely perform the lowest on the section of the test where participants are solving new problems quickly. C. The 60-year-old cohort will likely perform better than all other groups on tests of factual knowledge. D. The 20-year-old cohort will likely outperform all other groups on the tests that involve solving new problems quickly.

The 20-year-old cohort will likely outperform all other groups on the tests that involve solving new problems quickly.