Psych U4
Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation & perception? 1Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected. 2Sensation is a strictly mechanical process, whereas perception is a cognitive process. 3Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not. 4Sensation happens in the senses, perception happens in the brain. 5Perception is an advanced form of sensation.
1 (Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected.Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected.)
Which of the following best illustrates the idea that perception is not an exact internal copy of the world? 1. jumping in response to a pinprick 2. the Ponzo illusion 3. a bright light 4. bottom-up processing 5. the sound of a familiar tune
2 (the Ponzo illusion)
weber's law; constant minimum percentage for weight, light, tone
2,8,.3
Our sense of smell may be a powerful trigger for memories because: 1 smell is a powerful cue for encoding memories into long-term memory. 2 strong smells encourage us to process memory events deeply so they will most likely be remembered. 3 the nerve connecting the olfactory bulb to the brain sends impulses directly to the limbic system. 4 we are conditioned from birth to make strong connections between smells and events 5 the receptors at the top of each nostril connect with the cortex.
3
According to Gestalt explanations of how perceptual processes work, when a person encounters an unfamiliar collection of stimuli, he or she will try to 1. analyze each stimulus component separately to ascertain its meaning 2. judge whether each stimulus matches a familiar signal. 3. compartmentalize their findings. 4. assemble the parts into a meaningful whole or pattern that makes sense. 5. make guesses about its symbolism until finding a matching concept.
4 (assemble the parts into a meaningful whole or pattern that makes sense.)
prolonged exposure to more than __ decibels can produce hearing loss
85
standing 10 miles away on a clear night, most of us would see a flame, this is
absolute threshold
Which of the following is true about pain? The brain can create pain. All of them are true. Pain diminishes when neurotransmitters - such as endorphins - are released. No single stimulus produces pain. We edit our memories of pain.
all
intensity is the
amount of energy
As we look at a flower, the intensity, or brightness, of the color we see is related to the light wave's: amplitude placement on the spectrum hue wavelength length
amplitude
Which of these sensory structures does not belong with the others? ganglion cells rods retina basilar membrane visual cortex
basilar membrane
people with a stroke or surgery damage to their visual cortex experience
blindsight
ways in which people are blind to their own choices and preferences
choice blindness
knowing things you aren' supposed to know
clairvoyance
When two close friends are talking, other people may not be able to follow their conversation because it has many gaps, which the friends can mentally fill in from their shared experience. Which Gestalt principle is illustrated by the friends' ability to fill in these conversational gaps? closure ambiguity proximity common fate similarity
closure
The structure that contains the main receptor cells in the auditory system is the _____ incus cochlea maleus tempanic membrane stapes
cochlea
list all skin sensations
cold, warmth, pain, pressure
hue is the
color
lights wavelength determines the
color
basilar membrane hairs do what
compress sound
rupture of the eardrum or tiny bones of the middle ear can lead to ___ hearing loss
conduction
proved that neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex receive info from individual ganglion cells in the retina
david hubel and torsten wiesel
sound is measured in
decibels
Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive ____ depth weight temperature height vision
depth
name all monocular cues
depth perception, linear perspective, relative height, relative size, interposition, relative motion, light and shadow
not watching a nurse give you a shot and feeling less pain is an example of
distraction
preformed the visual cliff experiment
eleanor gibson and richard walk
sweet taste indicates
energy source
weber's law creator
ernst weber
As you talk with a friend at a party, her voice is distinct from all the other voices you hear. This illustrates the perceptual principle of: grouping figure-ground closure proximity
figure ground
a theory that the rate of nerve impulses matches the frequency of a tone and enabling us to sense its pitch
frequency theory
If a girl stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is black green red violet blue
green
studied absolute threshold
gustav fechner
place theory is better for __ pitch sounds
high
anvil
incus
lights amplitude determines the
intensity
In the same game, we watch as a team attempts a field goal. Since the goal posts are distant and the time to make a decision is short, the referee must use many perceptual cues to decide whether the kick is good or not. One important ability is depth perception. Which of the following cues might be most helpful in deciding whether the field goal is successful? interposition motion parallax linear perspective relative motion convergence
interposition
found that the retina does receive upside-down images of the world
johannes kepler
When crossing your legs, you know which hand is closest to your phone. This sense of body position is an example of transduction vestibular sense kinesthetic sense ganglion cell sense of smell
kinesthetic feedback
Rather than saying a person is "colorblind," it would be more accurate to say that the person: 1has a blind spot 2is experiencing an overstimulation of the red- and green-sensitive cones 3lacks red- or green-sensitive cones 4has an excess of blue-sensitive cones.
lacks red- or green-sensitive cones
if hot and cold water are held at the same time, your hand will
let go
in audition, amplitude determines what
loudness
the amplitude of a sound wave determines its
loudness
frequency theory is better for __ pitch sounds
low
hammer
malleus
perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound.
mcgurk effect
do we rely on binocular or monocular cues for long distance
monocular
which depth cue is good for distance
monocular
stroboscopic movement is an example of what
motion perception
biological influences of pain are
nociceptors, endorphins
The REGION of the brain responsible for coding visual information is the _____ occipital lobe parietal lobe frontal lobe Broca's area temporal lobe
occipital lobe
afterimages are best explained by the
opponent-process theory
color blindess is best explained by what theory of color vision? trichromatic theory dichromatic theory binocular disparity theory opponent-process theory visible hue theory
opponent-process theory
The structure of the ear that is responsible for INITIALLY gathering sound is the ____ pinna maleus ear lobe tempanic membrane auditory canal
pinna
in audition, frequency determines what
pitch
a theory that when a certain place in the cochlea is stimulated, a certain pitch will be made
place theory
bitter taste indicates
poisons
powerful and striking stimuli can trigger
pop-out
knowing something before it happens
precognition
researchers have identified receptors for which of the following pain cold warmth pressure hot
pressure
face blindness; not being able to recognize faces
prosopagnosia
umami taste indicates
proteins to grow and repair tissue
moving things with the mind
psychokinesis
The part of the eye responsible for opening and closing to allow in more or less light is the _____ cornea pupil lens vitreous humour retina
pupil
bipolar and ganglion cells are in the
retina
Makers of 3-D movies rely most heavily on: retinal disparity the visual cliff the Müller-Lyer illusion shape constancy
retinal disparity
name a binocular cue
retinal disparity
nocturnal animals have more __ in their retinas
rods
cells in the retina order
rods and cones, bipolar, ganglion
top-down influence on touch sensation where a person thinks their hand is being touched when it's not
rubber-hand illusion
a cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer ___ hearing loss
sensorineural
heredity, aging, and exposure to loud noise or music can lead to __ hearing loss
sensorineural
If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: absolute threshold sensory adaptation accommodation parallel processing Weber's law
sensory adaptation
phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of
sensory input
which sense is the quickest to adapt
smell
what are the chemical senses
smell, taste
salty taste indicates
sodium essential to physiological processes
a time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately locating
sounds
stirrup
stapes
list all taste sensations
sweet, sour, bitter, umami salty
one sense is simultaneously perceived by one or more additional senses such as sight.
synesthesia
reading the mind is
telepathy
The REGION of the brain responsible for coding auditory information is the _____ occipital lobe parietal lobe frontal lobe Broca's area temporal lobe
temporal lobe
Although the markings in the ceiling tiles are all different shapes and sizes, you notice that larger, darker spots seem to stand out against a background makeup of smaller, lighter ones. Which principle of perceptual grouping explains this distinction? the law of proximity the law of common fate the law of similarity the law of Prananz the principle of closure
the law of similarity
Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of: top-down processing retinal disparity bottom-up processing interposition perceptual adaptation
top down processing
sour taste indicates
toxic acid
When physical energy is transformed into neural impulses, it is referred to as ____ action potential transduction induction switching light energy
transduction
movement of hair cells along the basilar membrane initiate
transduction
Color-deficiency is best explained by what theory of color vision? trichromatic theory dichromatic theory binocular disparity theory opponent-process theory visible hue theory
trichromatic theory
semicircular canals and vestibular sacs help with our __ sense
vestibular
In order to receive a 10 on a balance beam routine, the Olympic gymnast is best served by a highly functioning transduction vestibular sense kinesthetic sense ganglion cell sense of smell
vestibular sense
groups of neurons respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed (ex of frequency theory)
volley principle
sensation of hot is s combo of what
warmth and pain
2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their diff to be perceived as
weber's law
can memories or thinking about pain cause it?
yes