Psych Unit 2
what is required for animal research
have to have a clear purpose, treated in a humane way, acquired animal legally, least amount of suffering possible
tendency to believe after learning the outcome that you knew it all along
hindsight bias
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
theory
what is the purpose of inferential statistics
to discover whether the findings can be applied to a larger population from which sample was collected
extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do
validity
psychologist who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as
naturalistic observation
type of correlation with verbals go in the opposite direction
negative
what is required for human research
no coercion, informed consent, anonymous, no significant risk, must debrief
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
operational definition
carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research study
operational definitions
Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leaves her to take unnecessary risk's such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha is driving appears to be affected by
overconfidence
tend to think we know more than we do
overconfidence
results caused by expectations alone. Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent
placebo effect
all those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn
population
type of correlation more variables go in the same direction
positive.
what helps control for confounding variable's
randomly placing subjects into two groups
repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
replication
which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances
replication
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
sampling bias
graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables
scatterplot
to graphically represent the correlation between two variables researchers often construct a
scatterplot
presentation of scores that lacks symmetry around their average value
skewed distribution
what sizes of standard deviation create consistency
small
do patterns emerge from randomness?
sometimes
does the Brain try to find a pattern that doesn't really exist?
sometimes
when the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance researchers conclude this difference is
statistically significant
what's the percentage of people that will fall in 2 standard deviations of the mean
95%
which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation
A perceived but nonexistent correlation
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
Random assignment
to accurately infer cause-and-effect experimenters should use
Random assignment
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Random sample
which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population
Random sampling
variance of scores around the mean
Standard deviation
A researcher interested in investigating attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method
Survey
technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group
Survey
The most common type of study that disguise behavior and measures correlation because it is cheap and fast
Survey method
The range is
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
both the researchers in the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory enhancing drug and which have see the placebo. This investigation involves the use of
The double-blind procedure
which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment
The experimental group receives the experimental treatment
which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group
The experimental treatment is absent
what does the Hawthorne effect show
The fact that you know you were in an experiment may cause change
Alexandria is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that esteem enhancing value cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of
The hindsight bias
The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates
The placebo effect
tend to look for evidence that supports our beliefs and we had more evidence that disputes our beliefs
confirmation bias
Factor other than independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
confounding variable
Measure of the extent in which two variables change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
correlation
Number that measure strength of a relationship that ranges from -1 to +1 in the relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero
correlation coefficient
which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades
correlation coefficient
detects relationships between variables to assess how well one variable predicts another. What type of study is this?
correlational
researchers are interested in starting the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use
correlational
to determine whether the strength of peoples self-esteem is related to their income levels researchers would most likely make use of
correlational research
expresses a relationship between two variables
correlational study
do examine assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions is to engage in
critical thinking
The enduring behaviors ideas attitudes values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
what is normal distribution
68% of the population fall in 1 standard deviation of the mean
Group not exposed to the treatment
Control group
historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint
Curiosity skepticism and humility
what are the four scientific attitude
Curiosity skepticism humility and critical thinking
an experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates
an operational definition
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
case study
A detailed picture of one or a few subjects that tells a great story but does not explain or give correlation data
case study
in which research method do we study one exceptional individual in depth and try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on the evidence
case study
The postexperimental exclamation of a study including its purpose and any deceptions too it's participants
debriefing
outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
dependent variable
describing the data or characteristics of a group
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
descriptive statistics
observes and records behavior doesn't explain. What type of study is this?
descriptive. Example: case study
procedure in which both the research participants and staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo
double blind procedure
A researcher interested in improving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method
experiment
research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors
experiment
Group exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
experimental group
explores the cause-and-effect relationships and is the only method that shows causality. What study is this?and what may develop into this type of study?
experimental. Correlations may develop into experiments
Bargraph depicting a frequency distribution
histogram
A testable prediction often implied by theory
hypothesis
what makes the distribution a positive skew
if the group has one high score
what makes distribution a negative skew
if the group has one low score
perception of a relationship where none exists
illusory correlation
what are some potential pitfalls for the survey method
important to have a good representative (Random sampling), sampling bias, wording bias
experimental factor that is manipulated
independent variable
and ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
informed consent
which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation
informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing
what is the value of the P value for statistical significance
less than .05
The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the
mean
in a distribution of test scores which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores
mean
The higher the variance or standard deviation the
more spread out the distribution is
no interaction study that involves watching subjects in their natural environment. Does not explain but describes
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
naturalistic observation
