Psych Unit 2

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what is required for animal research

have to have a clear purpose, treated in a humane way, acquired animal legally, least amount of suffering possible

tendency to believe after learning the outcome that you knew it all along

hindsight bias

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

theory

what is the purpose of inferential statistics

to discover whether the findings can be applied to a larger population from which sample was collected

extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

validity

psychologist who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

naturalistic observation

type of correlation with verbals go in the opposite direction

negative

what is required for human research

no coercion, informed consent, anonymous, no significant risk, must debrief

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

operational definition

carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research study

operational definitions

Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leaves her to take unnecessary risk's such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha is driving appears to be affected by

overconfidence

tend to think we know more than we do

overconfidence

results caused by expectations alone. Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent

placebo effect

all those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

population

type of correlation more variables go in the same direction

positive.

what helps control for confounding variable's

randomly placing subjects into two groups

repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

replication

which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances

replication

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

sampling bias

graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables

scatterplot

to graphically represent the correlation between two variables researchers often construct a

scatterplot

presentation of scores that lacks symmetry around their average value

skewed distribution

what sizes of standard deviation create consistency

small

do patterns emerge from randomness?

sometimes

does the Brain try to find a pattern that doesn't really exist?

sometimes

when the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance researchers conclude this difference is

statistically significant

what's the percentage of people that will fall in 2 standard deviations of the mean

95%

which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation

A perceived but nonexistent correlation

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Random assignment

to accurately infer cause-and-effect experimenters should use

Random assignment

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Random sample

which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population

Random sampling

variance of scores around the mean

Standard deviation

A researcher interested in investigating attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method

Survey

technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group

Survey

The most common type of study that disguise behavior and measures correlation because it is cheap and fast

Survey method

The range is

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

both the researchers in the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory enhancing drug and which have see the placebo. This investigation involves the use of

The double-blind procedure

which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment

The experimental group receives the experimental treatment

which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group

The experimental treatment is absent

what does the Hawthorne effect show

The fact that you know you were in an experiment may cause change

Alexandria is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that esteem enhancing value cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

The hindsight bias

The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates

The placebo effect

tend to look for evidence that supports our beliefs and we had more evidence that disputes our beliefs

confirmation bias

Factor other than independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

confounding variable

Measure of the extent in which two variables change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

correlation

Number that measure strength of a relationship that ranges from -1 to +1 in the relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

correlation coefficient

which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades

correlation coefficient

detects relationships between variables to assess how well one variable predicts another. What type of study is this?

correlational

researchers are interested in starting the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use

correlational

to determine whether the strength of peoples self-esteem is related to their income levels researchers would most likely make use of

correlational research

expresses a relationship between two variables

correlational study

do examine assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions is to engage in

critical thinking

The enduring behaviors ideas attitudes values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

culture

what is normal distribution

68% of the population fall in 1 standard deviation of the mean

Group not exposed to the treatment

Control group

historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint

Curiosity skepticism and humility

what are the four scientific attitude

Curiosity skepticism humility and critical thinking

an experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

an operational definition

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

case study

A detailed picture of one or a few subjects that tells a great story but does not explain or give correlation data

case study

in which research method do we study one exceptional individual in depth and try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on the evidence

case study

The postexperimental exclamation of a study including its purpose and any deceptions too it's participants

debriefing

outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

dependent variable

describing the data or characteristics of a group

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

descriptive statistics

observes and records behavior doesn't explain. What type of study is this?

descriptive. Example: case study

procedure in which both the research participants and staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

double blind procedure

A researcher interested in improving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method

experiment

research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors

experiment

Group exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable

experimental group

explores the cause-and-effect relationships and is the only method that shows causality. What study is this?and what may develop into this type of study?

experimental. Correlations may develop into experiments

Bargraph depicting a frequency distribution

histogram

A testable prediction often implied by theory

hypothesis

what makes the distribution a positive skew

if the group has one high score

what makes distribution a negative skew

if the group has one low score

perception of a relationship where none exists

illusory correlation

what are some potential pitfalls for the survey method

important to have a good representative (Random sampling), sampling bias, wording bias

experimental factor that is manipulated

independent variable

and ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

informed consent

which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing

what is the value of the P value for statistical significance

less than .05

The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the

mean

in a distribution of test scores which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores

mean

The higher the variance or standard deviation the

more spread out the distribution is

no interaction study that involves watching subjects in their natural environment. Does not explain but describes

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

naturalistic observation


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