psych week 5

Which of the following is true about primary reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.

As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as _____.

Spontaneous Recovery

In _________, a client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.

Systematic desensitization

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

In_____, people receive reinforcement in the form of information.

Biofeedback training

_________is a procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.​

Higher-order conditioning

Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. Her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for the dog.​

conditioned stimulus

Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.

contributes to aggression among people

In operant conditioning, a(n) _________is a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available.​

discriminative stimulus

A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a flotation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?

flooding

After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to _____.

generalization

Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.​

generalization

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures—even squares. Through his experiment Pavlov demonstrated _____.​

generalization

As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her motherprepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In thecontext of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

model

In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because_____.

of the consequences of theirbehavior

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of _________.​

operant conditioning

​ _________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

reflex

To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____.

the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects,and stunts

In the context of operant conditioning,gamblers atslot machines win on a _____.​

variable-ratio schedule

Which of the following statements is true about taste aversions?

The unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.