Psycho-Social Exam 3

Myths of college sports

-College DI sports are part of the educational mission of American Colleges & Universities -The Alumni demand that their sport programs have large and successful sport programs -College sports are incredibly profitable, earning huge sums of money for their Colleges/Universities -The NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament makes Billions of dollars for American Colleges/Universities -Schools receive millions of dollars when their teams play in Football Bowl games -Money earned from college sports helps other parts of the university -Coaches deserve their high salaries because they generate huge profits for their athletic programs. -Utah Head Football coach Wittingham-$3.3 million, College President median- 266k, avg. professor- 60k), Why? Who's more important? -Coaches deserve their income because they are the key to winning & they're irreplaceable -Hired to be fired, that's the fate of most coaches (for the high profile schools maybe, but the majority, NO!) -Athletic programs provide a wonderful opportunity for Black coaches -College Athletic programs provide a wonderful opportunity for women coaches (mostly men, Administrators are men as well)

Purpose of college sports

-College sports "theoretically" should unite all segments of a school and the community -May lead to monetary or other forms of support from constituents -Educational goals accomplished through sports -Sports contribute to physical fitness, value of hard work and perseverance, goal-orientation, better grades, higher academic aspirations, and a positive self-concept!

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

-December 28, 1905 in New York City, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) was founded by 62 members -The IAAUS officially took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910 -Cabinets and committees, consisting of various representatives of its member schools -Member schools pledge to follow the rules promulgated by the NCAA -Largest of most powerful association with 1200 member institutions (450k athletes) and a budget of 500 million/year -The NCAA began administering women's athletics programs in 1980 when Divisions II and III established 10 championships for 1981-82 -1921 - first track and field championship held

What are the main purposes for Professional sports in our society?

-Economics Other purposes include: -Entertainment!!! -Identification symbols (e.g., people in New England identify with their teams?) -Emotional outlet for a segment of our population -Financial for owners & local business people

National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)

-Founded 1937, Headquarters at Kansas City, MO -NAIA is the governing body for nearly 260 colleges and universities with 60k athletes and 4 million budget, which is less than 1% of the NCAA budget throughout the United States and Canada. -Have up to 12 teams for men and 11 for women -Athletic scholarships may or may not be given and most programs not considered a "Big Time" program -Outside of NAIA? 115 Christian colleges and bible schools: many part of NCCAA (National Christian College Athletics Association) with many having dual memberships with NCAA or NAIA -National Junior College Athletic Association has 515 colleges

Values of secondary sports

-Healthy development of athletes -Qualified supervision to help -No better experience

Facts about pro sports

-In this order only, everything hinges around winning, television revenue, and the gate. -Do athletes get endorsements? -Every team in the NBA received about 30 Million before they even started the season in 2007 (In 2016, a 21% increase for a total of 930 million annually from national TV alone) -No other institution in the world receives even half the amount of the publicity and it's all free!!! -Pro athletes living the dream! ($, endorsements, and publicity) -Retirement varies greatly from sport to sport (most kick in after 3 full seasons of play) -Three years is the average stay in the Not for Long league. -In this order only, everything hinges around winning, television revenue, and the gate.

Facts about college sports

-More fans see college sports than any other level of sports a lot more colleges (over 1000) than pro teams. -NCAA athletes spend close to 40 hours per week in their sports with football at 45 hours per week. -Most Athletic Departments are losing businesses. -More than a dozen programs have committed academic fraud with UNC getting its 3rd notice.

Criticisms of NCAA

-NCAA rules require student-athletes to accept no compensation for their play other than a scholarship. At the same time, NCAA reaps billions of dollars in TV endorsements. -Coaches at public universities are often the highest paid state employees in the state, making millions of dollars. -In 1973, NCAA changed athletic scholarships from 4-year deals to one-year renewable contracts. -College athletes became victims of obsessed coaches, 1991 (NCAA) instituted a rule limiting a student-athlete's participation to a maximum of 4 hours/day and 20 hours per week of "mandatory time", Loophole? -Again, student-athletes at universities with major athletic programs often have lower graduation rates.

Argue in defense of the use of Native American (NA) symbols in sport?

-Only 1% of the nations population are NA so who cares? -we can portray the mascots in a culturally authentic and nonstereotypical -we're showing respect -it memorializes the NA population

Knight Commission of Intercollegiate Athletics

-Panel of members of the American academic, athletic and journalism communities, with an eye toward reform of college athletics, particularly in regard to practices in recruiting for football and basketball teams since 1989 -No official connection to NCAA

National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)

-Since 1920, The National Federation of State High School Associations has led the development of education-based interscholastic sports and activities that help students succeed in their lives. -Establishes consistent standards and rules for competition, and helping those who oversee high school sports and activities.

Youth sports purpose

-Teach lower class (obey rules and work together) -Socialize middle and upper class boys into competitive men despite feminized values from moms at home

Reasons why pro sports are monopolies

-Team owners form leagues to control competition for fans, players, media, merchandise, and sponsorships -Draft system (can only negotiate with team that drafts them) -New or expansion teams must pay substantial fees to other team owners and can not relocate to another city without approval from other owners -In the past teams could not sell their own merchandise until Jerry Jones fought and won to sell his own -Because these leagues are so heavily invested and able to pay lucrative contracts, other failed leagues cannot compete (e.g., USFL). -The teams have the rights to a player on draft day. The player generally goes to the team that drafted him/her if signed. -Initially, they can trade you as often as they like. -Players treated like a commodity! Meanwhile, 34.1 million annual salary for Roger Goodell -After 70 years, NFL gave up tax-exempt status in 2015 -NFL as a whole made $10 billion in revenue in 2013. The NFL's league office reported a revenue of $326 million in 2012.

Argue that use of Native American or other racial/ethnic symbols in sports should be removed because they are offensive?

-They are racist stereotypes -They distort the historical reality of European and Euro-American aggression -Work to obscure the oppression, violence, and genocide by Euro-American's -Inappropriate for non-natives to imitate natives -The use of native mascots limits the publics ability to understand natives realities -Negative impact on the natives lives -If it had negative societal effects it should be eliminated -Consequences are harmful and thus should be eliminated -Lack of education to NA issues -There are so many other symbols to use that are not offensive to any groups of people

What are the 5 reasons for the increase in youth organized sports? Provide examples for each.

1. Both parents working outside of home 2. Since early 80s, meaning of a "good parent" changed, can account for their child's whereabouts all 24hrs vs. child's sport success = parental success 3. Sand lot games thought to lead to children causing trouble or threats to social order 4. Outside world is dangerous, organized sports are a safe alternative 5. ↑ visibility of kids performance Sam Gordon

Secondary Sports: What are the 3 purposes of secondary sports? Has the win-at-all costs mentality seeped into high school sports and why or why not?

1. Educational 2. Entertainment for the community 3. Financial

What are the 5 ways youth sports are changing and why?

1. Organized sports are privatized (fewer are public, tax-supported organizations) 2. ↑ Pressure to develop skills (fun and social vs. investment) 3. ↑ training facilities 4. ↑ parental involvement 5. ↑ participation in extreme sports (many youth prefer unstructured, participant-controlled sports such as skate boarding, in-line skating, snow boarding, etc.), with local and regional influences

What are the 4 ways organized youth sports can be formed? Provide examples for each.

1. Public-tax-supported community recreation organizations (local parks or fields and recreation organizations) 2. Public non-profit community organizations (YMCA, Girls & Boys Clubs, & PAL) concerned with Youths-At-Risk 3. Private non-profit sport organizations (Little League Inc., Rush Soccer) 4. Private commercial clubs (Gymnastics, tennis, skating, soccer, hockey, etc) ↑ cost for membership and participation fees, intense training, progressive, specialized skills training, and elite competition 5. Corporate sponsors (national, regional, and local)

What are the 4 ways that youth organized sport can be changed or modified?

1. ↑ action (reduce rules and strategies aimed at winning, e.g., throwing vs. 2-3 yard runs) 2. ↑ involvement (reduce roster size to reduce subs, no kids sitting the bench) 3. Create close scores (Utilize handicaps, alter team rosters, underdog given advantage such as extra players, 5 downs, 5 outs, etc.) 4. Maintaining friendships (Ask the kids to plan game strategy or practice sessions)

What are the 4 ways the Knight Commission monitors college sports? Are college athletes, student-athletes or athlete-students? What is the "loophole" regarding the NCAA rule on student-athlete participation time?

20 hours of practice a week 4 ways: 1. Presidential control (should be College President but Athletic Director really is) over NCAA decisions 2. Academic Integrity (athletes should be progressing to a degree and show improved graduation rates) 3. Increase campus engagement and accountability of NCAA certification process 4. Standards set for academic performance (sanctioning teams with subpar retention and graduation rates)

College Sports: What are the 5 values of collegiate sports to society? Identify and discuss the 3 divisions of collegiate sports? What are the two types of scholarships and explain the differences?

5 Values: -Entertainment -Identification symbols -Emotional outlet for a segment of the population -Financial for owners and local businesses -A training ground for professional sports 3 divisons: -Division I (347 schools with "Big Time programs" in 2012-2013): Division IA: Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)- 120 schools, 85 FULL scholarships for football players rather than 63 Division IAA Football Championship Subdivision (FCS): (127 schools, require 14 sports, 63 scholarships (split or equivalency) for no more than 85 students in football Division IAAA (Non Football) No football but do have Big Time Basketball or others: (100 schools) -Division 2 (290 schools, still some scholarships but less of them and rarely award full scholarships) -Divison 3 (436 schools, no scholarships but may allow entrance into the University despite poor scores and grades) 2 scholarships: -Head count (half scholarships that add up to full scholarships): Football-Men, Basketball- Men/Women, Gymnastics-Women, Tennis-Women, Volleyball-Women. -Equivalency (can divide it anyway they want) .5 for one, .75 for another, and so forth.

Symbol

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture

Using a mid-size city that does not currently have one of the 4 more popular mainstream American pro sports, list the conditions that are needed to support expansion of pro sports in their city? What are a few of the challenges the city would face, while indicating a few of the benefits of pro sports in their city?

Conditions: -Leisure time for spectators -$ -Must live near them -Media access to sustain interest -Facilities to be constructed, financed, and refurbished

Describe an example of pro sports behaving like a monopoly?

Example #1 -The teams have the rights to a player on draft day. The player generally goes to the team that drafted him/her if signed. -Initially, they can trade you as often as they like. Example #2 -Players treated like a commodity! Meanwhile, 34.1 million annual salary for Roger Goodell

Possible T/F

Facts on Youth Sports -very corrupt level of sports (coaches may cheat or teach to cheat to win) -many corrupt parents (tell their kids to play dirty -20 million kids approximately participate...a lot of money -basketball most popular boys activity;girls basketball close to top -regardless of gender team sport participation is declining, reaching it's peak at age 11 -70-90% of participants drop out before high school -increased participation in alternative sports -overemphasis on winning with increased pressures to win and achieve -kids start so early (3 to 4 ages), may lead to boredom -increased injury incidence due to inordinate demands on you bodies -lack of training of youth coaches -each day...4 hours watching TV, 1 hour playing video games, and .5 on the computer -bike riding is down 31% in the past 10 years -little league participation has fallen to 2.1 million, down 14% from peak at 1997 -in line skating most popular after (4 top sports) -skateboarding at 3.8 million participants -paintball has grown by 50% since 2000 -mountain/rock climbing grew by 30% from 2006-2007 -8 to 12 years old (kids do not fully develop cognitive and social abilities until 12 years old) Secondary Sports (SS): -Secondary sports have the greatest overall value to our society (due to personal connections developed) -SS are relatively evil free (not as corrupt) -They do not follow recruiting, all high schools are governed by an Athletic Association (each state has their own) -private schools can recruit but that's a little different -SS is the closest supervised level of sports -SS sports may seem evil free regarding recruiting, coaching, and organization but they are not really... -Gender differences exist in sexual activity and school team membership (less often, fewer partners, and later initiation for females and higher for male athletes) -In a recent research study, out of 800 respondents, 70% of the non athletes said they have been verbally mistreated by the following athletes (70% by football players, 10% men's BB, 2% wrestlers, and 1% women's BB) -80% said athletes sometimes or often received special treatment from their teachers or administrators -Even though it may not only be jock bullies causing these social problems, it seems to be a definite problem -Overall, research in sociology of sport indicates the effects of playing school sports is context and organization dependent as well as related to social characteristics of athletes (elite, prep school, vs. working class schools) College Sports: -The game is work, it is a business -Pressure to win leads to abuse by coaches, poor sportsmanship, dislike of opponents, intolerance of losers, and cheating -65% all athletes graduate vs 63% student population (4 year model) -clustering in specific courses and majors and scheduling issues -71% female athletes graduate vs 64% student population of females -55% male athletes graduate vs 59% student population of males -graduation rates are lowest for revenue producing sports (basketball-47%, football-59%) -stricter academic eligibility rules, 1.8 min. GPA by end of 2nd year with 40% of grad req(s) completed and 2.0 for 3rd (60%) and 4th year (80%) with a sliding scale (GPA + SAT/ACT) for 1st year athletes -More fans see college sports than any other level of sports a lot more colleges (over 1000) than pro teams. -NCAA athletes spend close to 40 hours per week in their sports with football at 45 hours per week. -Most Athletic Departments are losing businesses. -More than a dozen programs have committed academic fraud with UNC getting its 3rd notice.

Death penalty

Institutions violating the probationary period may be subject to being banned from participating in the sport in question for up to two years

Youth Sports: List the characteristics and the outcomes of each type of youth sports? Which type did you prefer and why?

Sand Lot: social and physical developmental benefits -no spectators -player controlled -no media coverage and don't care -non selective playing criteria (everyone played in most neighborhoods) -low emphasis on winning, cooperation rather than competition -players behavior generated own norms -game by the players were adopted by the environment Outcomes: Intrinsic motivation, learn principles of making rules, learn group resolution of conflicts (don't fight much, could break up the game), learn cooperation, learn creativity and independence of judgment Organized: purpose may be more for the parents than the kids -adult controlled -Spectators (at different levels of development the kids may not want you there) -Media coverage (scores put into the paper) -Selective playing criteria (tryouts & cuts) -Huge emphasis on winning! (adult value, just to play is the kids value) -Time limitation (kids would not use this but parents do) -All adult behaviors, behavior is governed by adult norms (kids tell the truth unless you teach them to lie, to win) -Played according to adult norms Outcomes: Mostly extrinsic motivation, learn rules (can't be broken), skill development, obedience and respect for authority, learn achievement through competition, learn value of success via material or tangible rewards, trophy's, medals, All-Star team

Do athletes rule U.S. high schools and they root of bullying problems? Also, does high school sport involvement put you at greater risk for alcohol and/or drug use?

Yes and yes. Once friends or teammates begin to do things illegally like drugs and alcohol, then this will affect you. It affects you by the way you think. Peer pressure can take over and make you do it too, especially if your teammates are doing something and you aren't then you most likely will eventually. -Identifying oneself as a "jock" in some U.S. high schools connects students with peers who are socially gregarious and more likely than other students to engage in risky actions such as heavy and binge drinking

Do competitive sports in high school contribute to education? Why or why not? What is the selection-in, filtering-out, and in-season control processes?

Yes, it does contribute. Research says that membership on a school team is associated with positive educational experiences overall. IT IS TRUE. Grades, sport and class level help find the following... -Selection-in: tryouts, academic eligibility, SES (socioeconomic status) -Filtering-out: occurs over time, academic eligibility (GPA) -In-season control: coach wants to know how grades are, so they fill out a sheet with grades on it

Are professional sports a rip off to tax payers? Why or why not?

Yes, tax payers are usually the ones that have to pay most of the money for new arenas, fields, stadiums, or coliseums