Psychology 1001 Exam 2

Researchers compared the behavior of children reared in orphanages, children reared in Foster Care and children reared by their biological parents. What did they find? Select one: a. Children reared in orphanages and children reared in Foster care have higher levels of resilience than children reared by their biological parents. Incorrect b. Children were remarkably resilient regardless of the environments in which they were reared. c. Children reared in orphanages and children reared in Foster care have ADHD four times more often than children reared by biological parents. d. Children reared in orphanages have a much higher incidence of ADHD at the age of 8 - 10 years.

NOT a

What does it mean to hypothesize that "autism is a quantitative trait normally distributed in the population?" Select one: a. People with autism spectrum disorder are found everywhere in normal populations. b. Individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder are categorically different from normal populations. Incorrect c. Autism is a homogeneous trait that can be measured in normal populations. d. Just like height--everyone is more or less tall--autism is a trait that we all have more or less. Someone who is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is just at an extreme.

NOT b

Which of the following is reflective of Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion? Select one: a. Once a taste aversion has been conditioned it is relatively easily to extinguish. b. If a taste aversion to mayonnaise has emerged, it is likely that an aversion to other creamy sauces will emerge. Incorrect c. Contrary to most classically conditioned reactions, only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste aversion. d. Repeated pairings of the CS with the UCS are needed to produce a taste aversion.

NOT b

As described in lecture, the Modal Model of Memory Select one: a. is the most common way for researchers to think about memory. b. specifies what people should be able to remember rather than what they do remember c. is used to differentiate those with retrograde amnesia from those with anterograde amnesia Incorrect d. is a model of memory that has been replaced by the Triplicate Memory Model.

NOT c

Before Katie leaves her dorm room each morning, she looks out the window to check the weather. If the sky is overcast, she puts an umbrella in her backpack. If it is sunny, she leaves her umbrella in the closet. For Katie, the sky's appearance is acting as a ___________ for carrying an umbrella. Select one: a. discriminative stimulus b. conditioned response c. heuristic Incorrect d. conditioned stimulus

NOT c

Danish was robbed by a couple of thugs near the bike racks by Wilson Library. After that, he found that he was reluctant to walk there, preferring to navigate around the West Bank by using underground tunnels. In fact, just thinking about walking near the Wilson Library bike racks made him feel anxious. It seems that space itself provokes anxiety in Danish. The process through which Danish learned to be anxious in a particular place is known as ___________________. Select one: a. emotional conditioning b. generalization c. discriminative stimulus Incorrect d. stimulus-event learning

NOT c

Sensitization can be viewed as an evolutionary adaptation that keeps humans safer because ______________________. Select one: a. it allows people to become increasingly aware of potentially dangerous stimuli. b. It allows people to stop paying attention to stimuli that are harmless. c. it energizes an escape response to one-time dangerous stimuli. d. it allows people to detect when a stimulus has changed.

a - it allows people to become increasingly aware of potentially dangerous stimuli.

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view is known as _________________. Select one: a. Object permanence b. Egocentrism c. Conservation d. Accommodation

a. - Object permanence Correct

Twelve-year old Julian, shy and anxious, is bullied by other kids at school. His parents consult the school psychologist who, having reviewed the research on bullying, explains to them that ____________________? Select one: a. Julian is at risk of greater emotional problems as a result of being bullied. b. Julian will be a more resilient, more compassionate adult as a result of being bullied at age 12. c. Julian's problems with bullies will go away by the time he is fifteen. d. Julian has psychological issues that encourage other children to bully him.

a. Julian is at risk of greater emotional problems as a result of being bullied. Correct

Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as Select one: a. consciousness. b. motivation. c. perception. d. sensation.

a. consciousness. Correct

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was Select one: a. food. b. noise. c. salivation. d. joy.

a. food. Correct

In rating items as part of a winter survival activity, you were unable to see that a can of crisco had a variety of uses. The cap could be used as a crude mirror for signaling help. The grease would protect your skin against dehydration. The can could be used as a container to melt water. This difficulty in thinking of other uses for the can of Crisco illustrates the obstacle to problem solving known as _______________________. Select one: a. functional fixedness b. a mental set c. searching for analogies d. the salience of surface similarities

a. functional fixedness Correct

The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts that Select one: a. people should have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in words b. language and thought should develop independently c. language development should consistently lag behind cognitive development d. people in all cultures should think alike, despite their language differences

a. people should have difficulty thinking about things they cannot describe in words

While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation. Now Kevin feels sick at the sight of the ocean. Kevin's behavior illustrates the process of Select one: a. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. c. extinction. d. scapegoating.

a. stimulus generalization. Correct

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using Select one: a. the availability heuristic Correct b. the representativeness heuristic c. a holistic decision model d. the elimination by aspects strategy

a. the availability heuristic

As biologist Konrad Lorenz described, goslings (baby geese) will bond with the first moving object that they encounter after hatching and follow it everywhere. This form of bonding is known as ______________. screenshot of Lorenz & geese Select one: a. contact comfort b. imprinting c. attachment d. scaffolding

b. imprinting Correct

When four-year old Edith imitated her father by saying certain forbidden four-letter words, her mother turned toward Edith and laughed. Edith liked this attention, so Edith will probably use these words more in the future. Edith is learning to swear like her father through the process of: Select one: a. positive reinforcement. b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement. d. negative punishment.

b. positive punishment. Incorrect

The increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism has occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______________________. Select one: a. lower age at diagnosis b. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines c. diagnostic substitution d. changes in diagnostic criteria

b. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines Correct

The serial order effect predicts that, if you tried to memorize aand recall a list of 243 nations in alphabetical order (Abkhazia, Afghanistan, Akrotiri....Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe), you will be least likely to remember which of the following: Select one: a. the nations at the start of the list b. the nations in the middle of the list c. the nations at the end of the list d. the nations at the start and at the end

b.- the nations in the middle of the list

Which of the following is an example of sensitization? Select one: a. Madison dropped her books when the loud fire alarm went off in her dorm room. b. Abdullah was alarmed the first few times he heard Blake's deep, loud laugh, but after hanging out with him, he no longer reacted strongly. c. As he watched a scary movie in Coffman theatre, Bill gradually became aware of the crunch of popcorn that someone near him was eating. d. While listening to her iPod on the Green Line to Saint Paul, Linda was startled when her friend George tapped her shoulder.

c. As he watched a scary movie in Coffman theatre, Bill gradually became aware of the crunch of popcorn that someone near him was eating. Correct

Which of the following best illustrates "the paradox of expertise"? Select one: a. The more expertise individuals develop, the less confidence they feel about their decisions. b. People who develop expertise in one domain show less curiosity and less interest in developing their knowledge of other domains. c. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses. d. Dr. House, while brilliant at diagnosing patient ailments, has made terrible decisions in his personal life, which is, as a result, a complete mess.

c. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses. Correct

What did EL Thorndike mean by the Law of Effect? Select one: a. Two events that occur at nearly the same time become associated. b. The easiest way to train an animal to do a difficult trick is to start with easier tricks. c. If behavior brings a reward, it becomes stamped into the mind and is likely to be repeated. d. Learning occurs as a result of insight and understanding.

c. If behavior brings a reward, it becomes stamped into the mind and is likely to be repeated. Correct

Classical conditioning starts with _______________________ and operant conditioning starts with ________________________. Select one: a. a consequence...a neutral object b. a neutral object....a consequence c. an automatic reflexive event....a behavior d. a behavior...an automatic reflexive event

c. an automatic reflexive event....a behavior Correct

Samantha is trying to memorize a list of vocabulary words for her French class. To learn the French word for grapefruit, "pamplemousse", she visualizes a parade of moose carrying grapefruit in their antlers in front of many people (pomp + people). It seems that Samantha is using the ________________ as discussed in lecture. Select one: a. structural encoding technique b. rehearsal technique c. keyword technique d. narrative technique

c. keyword technique Correct

Lauren knew all the rules of grammar--when to say "who" and when to say "whom--but she didn't bother to follow some of those rules when she actually spoke. The difference between the rules that Lauren knew she ought to follow and how she (and her friends) actually spoke is similar to the difference between _____________________. Select one: a. inductive versus deductive reasoning b. algorithms and heuristics c. normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving. d. recall and recognition

c. normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving. Correct

Luke (36 months) and Mo (32 months), are playing what appears to their mothers to be a game of tag. The rules are very simple. Luke runs away and Mo chases after him. Then Luke falls to the ground, and Mo falls on top of him. Then, giggling, Mo runs away, and Luke chases him. Mo falls down, Luke falls on top of him, and so on. At what stage of play are the two boys? Select one: a. associative play b. onlooker behavior c. parallel play d. cooperative play

c. parallel play Incorrect

Primary reinforcers differ from secondary reinforcers in that primary reinforcers _________________. Select one: a. are not satisfying. b. depend on learning. c. satisfy a biological need. d. must be associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

c. satisfy a biological need. Correct

Knowing the name of the president of the United States of America is an example of what kind of memory? Select one: a. procedural b. implicit c. semantic d. episodic

c. semantic Correct

A right-handed split-brain patient sees a daisy presented very briefly in his left visual field and a clock presented very briefly in his right visual field. Which of the following will occur? Select one: a. the patient will say that he saw only the daisy b. the patient will say that he saw both a daisy and a clock c. the patient will say that he saw only the clock d. the patient will not be aware that he has seen either daisy or clock

c. the patient will say that he saw only the clock

As described in lecture, the duration of sensory memory is________________. Select one: a. less than 20 seconds b. scenic c. seven plus or minus two chunks of information d. .5 to 3 seconds

d - .5 to 3

When you take your exam in S121 Elliott, you have to follow certain instructions: first, log into the computer. Then log into the lockdown browser and indicate Moodle 2. Then log into your moodle account. Then, open the Psy 1001 website. Then scroll down to find the exam 2 (or click on section link 10). This step-by-step procedure which allows you to successfully navigate to the exam is best described as _____________. Select one: a. an heuristic b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. an algorithm

d. an algorithm

An important source of false memories comes from ________________________. Select one: a. anterograde amnesia b. permastore c. retrograde amnesia d. source monitoring confusion

d. source monitoring confusion Correct

Working backwards is a good strategy to follow when Select one: a. the problem does not have a well-specified goal. b. you can recognize an analogy with another problem. c. you have many options at the end and only a few options at the beginning. d. you have many options at the beginning of a problem, but few options at the end.

d. you have many options at the beginning of a problem, but few options at the end. Correct

Harry Harlow's research with young Rhesus monkeys demonstrated the need for contact comfort. Dr. Harlow's research did NOT support the popular explanation of mother-infant bonding given by ______________--that babies would learn to love the caregiver who provided the reward of food. Select one: a. humanistic psychologists Incorrect b. behaviorial psychologists c. Freudian psychologists d. attachment theorists

NOT a

What is the corpus callosum? Select one: a. The corpus callosum shares information between the two halves of the cerebral cortex. b. The corpus callosum is a cord of fibrous muscle that binds the two hemispheres together. Incorrect c. The corpus callosum causes a vegetative state when severed accidentally. d. The corpus callosum is the boundary between the brainstem and the reticular activating system.

NOT b

In the beer ad, the bikini-clad beauty sits on the beach and drinks a Budweiser. The advertiser hopes that their target market will be aroused by the semi-naked beauty and begin to experience a similar sense of desire when they see the beer. In this simple, classic ad, the unconditioned response is Select one: a. thirst b. the beer c. the beauty Incorrect d. arousal

NOT c

A/an __________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period. Select one: a. peer group b. constituency c. cohort d. age cluster Incorrect

NOT d

In his lab, Dr. He and colleagues found that images of tools activated the ____________ without conscious awareness but perception of faces required conscious awareness. Select one: a. dorsal (or "action") pathway leading to the parietal lobe b. ventral (or "what") pathway leading to the parietal lobe c. ventral (or "what") pathway leading to the temporal lobe Incorrect d. dorsal (or "action") pathway leading to the temporal lobe

NOt c

Which of the following conclusion CANNOT be drawn from the Hart and Risley (1995) study of the size of a child's vocabulary and his or her SES? Select one: a. At 16 months, children of all SES have about the same number of words in their vocabulary. b. Having college educated parents causes bigger vocabulary. c. At 36 months of age, children who have college-educated parents have a vocabulary of around 1200 words versus 500 - 700 words for children whose parents have only a high school degree or less. Incorrect d. At 24 months, children with college-educated parents have about 600 words in their vocabularies versus 300 words for children whose parents have less education.

Not c

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event stored in memory is known as _________________________. Select one: a. a cluster b. a schema c. a stereotype d. category

a schema

A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the ________ or the ________ stage of cognitive development. Select one: a. concrete-operations ... formal-operations b. formal-operations ... sensorimotor c. sensorimotor ... preoperational d. concrete-operations ... postoperational

a. concrete-operations ... formal-operations Correct

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"? Select one: a. three b. four Correct c. six d. five

b

As described in lecture, deductive reasoning is used when you: Select one: a. solve a verbal analogy such as "mad is to maid as far is to ____." b. form a hypothesis about behavior based on many specific observations Incorrect c. solve a math proof d. infer the next number in a Fibonacci series such as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ___.

b - form a hypothesis

What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain? Select one: a. Depressants and sedative-hypnotics b. Narcotics c. Psychedelics d. Stimulants

b. Narcotics Correct

After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response? Select one: a. Repeatedly present the UCS alone, without the CS. b. Repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS. c. Punish any responses. d. Allow for the passage of time without any further training.

b. Repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS.

If you were to meet a man from the nation of Fiji but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process--which involves absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures-- is known as: Select one: a. disequilibrium. b. assimilation. c. object permanence. d. accommodation.

b. assimilation. Correct

The form of sensory memory that lasts about 3 seconds is Select one: a. episodic memory b. short term memory c. echoic memory d. Iconic memory

c - echoic

According to Leo Kanner, the grandfather of autism research, infantile autistic disorder _______________________. Select one: a. is caused by the "refrigerator mother" b. is characterized by feeble-mindedness c. is different from feeble-mindedness d. is serious enough to warrant euthanasia

c. is different from feeble-mindedness Correct

When we form connections between new information and information already in memory, we are utilizing an encoding technique that psychologists refer to as: Select one: a. transfer-appropriate processing b. iconic encoding c. bilateral processing d. elaboration Correct

d - elabortion

"Seek and ye shall find" is a short and simple way to sum up Select one: a. naive realism. b. belief perseverance. c. empiricism. d. confirmation bias.

d. - confirmation bias. Correct

Core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-V require both: a. fixed false beliefs and language impairments b. Lack of social reciprocity and hyperserotonemia Incorrect c. Sensory abnormalities and seizure disorder d. impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors

not b - Lack of