Psychology 101 Exam 3

40. Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates:

ingroup bias

44. Samantha has met several men through speed dating. She is most likely to accept requests for dates from:

Jim, who has a good job, exercises frequently, and is attractive

45. People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves.

Mirror

11. The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)

Outgroup

1. In the Stanford prison experiment, male college students volunteered to act either as guards or as prisoners. In only six days, the guards became cruel and degrading and the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled, The psychologist who devised the study was?

Philip Zimbardo

6. The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called:

a normal curve

26. If a test is standardized, this means that:

a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

31. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:

nonconformity

22. A(n) ________ is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Incentive

49. Participants in speed-dating encounters can form a feeling about a conversational partner and register whether the partner likes them in about ________ minute(s). If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate, men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates than do women.

4

10. With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

A robin is a bird

46. _____ is unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Altruism

21. The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as:

Broca's area

2. For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n):

Polygraph

5. The most powerful predictor of whether people will become friends is:

Proximity

20. The social psychologist who is best known for his controversial studies investigating destructive obedience to an authority is?

Stanley Milgram

16. As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

Sympathetic

3. By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of _______ for language acquisition.

a critical period

13. The belief that intelligence is changeable facilitates:

a growth mind-set

32. Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's:

ability to reason speedily and abstractly

15. Alyssa is feeling anxious and stressed. Which of the following would most effectively boost her mood by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins?

aerobic exercise

31. Coping refers to a variety of methods used to:

alleviate stress

34. Prejudice is best defined as?

an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members

12. The World Health Organization identifies obesity as a high:

body mass index

18. The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the?

bystander effect

37. Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

cognition

33. Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the:

cortex

9. The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called:

creativity

8. Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to:

deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers

27. People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives:

dominate consciousness

19. A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is:

epinephrine

35. Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by:

framing

30. Human language appears to have evolved from:

gestured communication

28. Research suggests that subjective well-being is fostered by keeping a(n) ________ journal.

gratitude

29. A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts to critique her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit:

groupthink

7. Communities with greater income inequality tend to have ________ rates of crime and ________ rates of drug use.

higher; higher

23. Prejudice is a mixture of all of the following EXCEPT:

hindsight bias

25. In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called:

intuitions

36. Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by:

reinforcement

50. Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:

self-disclosure

46. A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing:

stored energy

42. Heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels are increased in times of emergency by:

stress hormones

24. Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as:

superordinate

41. Without any conscious effort, your ________ prepares you to fight or flee from dangerous situations.

sympathetic nervous system

17. The tendency for optimal levels of performance to be associated with moderate levels of arousal is known as:

the Yerkes-Dodson law

14. What is the phenomenon in which the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them?

the mere exposure effect

43. Underestimating the time and cost necessary to complete a project best demonstrates:

the planning fallacy

39. The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates:

the tend-and-befriend response

47. The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by:

the two-factor theory

4. People's preferences for sweet tastes are ________, and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are ________.

universal; learned