Psychology 101 Final Answers
What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test?
IT CALLS FOR LITTLE FACTUAL INFORMATION OR USE OF LANGUAGE
What does an Institutional Review Board do?
IT JUDGES WHETHER PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS ARE ETHICAL
"I got angry because someone insulted me. He got angry because he is a moody person." This set of attributions illustrates which phenomenon in social psychology?
THE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECT
The central nervous system consists of
THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
According to Alfred Adler, developing mental health or mental illness depends on
THE GOALS YOU SEEK IN YOUR LIFE
Under which conditions do infants most easily recognize a face?
THEY ARE BEST AT RECOGNIZING THE KINDS OF FACES MOST FAMILIAR TO THEM
What would be the best way to increase your depth of processing when you read a list of words?
THINK ABOUT THE MEANING OF THE WORDS ON THE LIST
Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,
B
If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation
B
In contrast to an achievement test, an aptitude test is intended to measure what
B
In which disorder do people enter REM sleep more quickly than normal after falling asleep?
B
Many psychologists and psychiatrists have offered criticisms of both DSM-IV and DSM-5. Which of the following is NOT one of those criticisms?
B
Stereotype threat lowers performance of what kind of people?
ANYONE WHO IS TOLD THAT HIS/HER GROUP DOES POORLY ON A GIVEN TASK
One effective way to break down the stereotypes that individuals form about one another is to
ARRANGE TASKS THAT ENCOURAGE THEM TO COOPERATE
In 1905, who developed the first useful intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
On the first floor of your dorm are two vending machines. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the left machine. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?
B
One difference between long-term memory and short-term memory is that
B
Suppose we find that how many hours people spend studying correlates -0.60 with their knowledge about current television programs. What can we conclude
B
The MMPI includes some items concerning rare virtues, such as "Without fail, I always stop to help a person who is having trouble." Why?
B
The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater you chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than then: it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
B
The tendency to remember the first items on a list is the ___ effect. The tendency to remember the last items is the ___ effect.
B
Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its ___ and its ___.
B
Various parts of the cortex - such as the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes - control different
B
What did Francis Galton cite as evidence for the importance of heredity in intelligence?
B
What do the findings in epigenetics imply about the concept of heritability?
B
What is the main emphasis of Gestalt psychology?
B
What is true of "flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events?
B
Why do you have better color vision in the fovea than in the periphery of the retina?
B
Why is the Rorschach Inkblot test considered a "projective" technique?
B
Wilhelm Wundt was one of the first people to demonstrate
B
The original goal of psychoanalysis was
BRING THE CONTENTS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND INTO THE CONSCIOUS MIND
Who was Clever Hans?
A HORSE THAT SEEMED TO DO ARITHMETIC
What is "action potential" in the nervous system?
A MESSAGE THAT TRAVELS ALONG AN AXON
A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as
B
An example of a self-handicapping strategy would be a student who
B
Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal operations?
B
Compared to other high school girls, high school girls who are having unprotected sex give lower estimates of the chances of becoming pregnant through unprotected sex. This "it can't happen to me" attitude is a clear example of
B
Compared to the rods, the cones in the retina
B
According to Freud, the "anal stage" is
A
According to Freud, what is repression?
A
If you remember the number "1416253649" as "1-4-9-15-25-36-49" you are improving your ability to store the information by means of
A
Many television viewers assume that an actor who plays the role of a kindly parent really is a kindly parent. What principle does this tendency illustrate?
A
The X chromosome has the colorblindness gene. Why is colorblindness more common in men?
A
The learning approach to personality emphasizes which fact about someone's personality?
A
Two people tell you something about Pete, whom you have not met yourself. One of those statements is favorable; the other is not. Which statement will have a greater influence on your impression of Pete?
A
We identify the direction of a source of sound by attending to the
A
What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question?
A
What is a neurotransmitter?
A
When American soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison brutally abused their prisoners, what interpretation did psychologists favor?
A
When is the median a better indicator of most people's scores than the mean?
A
Which of the following is an example of synesthesia?
A
Why do many psychologists criticize Freud's theory of psychosexual stages?
A
"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person." This is an example of
C
A student who fails an exam begs, cries and pouts. This is apparently an example of which defense mechanism?
C
According to the "feature detector" approach to vision, your ability to see a line or any other pattern depends on a particular kind of
C
An experienced taxi driver becomes more skilled at finding various addresses within a city, without improving other intellectual skills. We can say that the driver has increased his or her:
C
If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?
C
In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,
C
People with bipolar disorder alternate between periods of
C
Remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory?
C
Research on human perception leads to this conclusion:
C
Someone who supports the position of determinism (as opposed to free will) believes
C
Susan has seen a shark attack someone; she has also seen a dog attack someone. One reason why she is more likely to develop a phobia of sharks than a phobia of dogs is that
C
Which of the following is an external attribution for someone's behavior?
C
Which of the following research questions is most directly related to the nature-nurture issue?
C
Why is it possible for people with different symptoms to get the same psychiatric diagnosis?
CERTAIN DISORDERS ARE DIAGNOSED BY A CHOICE OF SYMPTOMS FROM A LIST
If you are experiencing cognitive dissonance, one way to minimize that dissonance is to
CHANGE SOME OF YOUR ATTITUDES TO BRING THEM IN LINE WITH YOUR ACTIONS
Sounds waves are carried through the car by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure called the
COCHLEA
A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the ___ and the blinking is the ___
CONDITIONED STIMULUS...CONDITIONED RESPONSE.
The prisoner's dilemma is an attempt to investigate
COOPERATION AND COMPETITION
A little boy in the preoperational stage would have trouble understanding that
D
A maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people is defined as
D
A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?
D
After you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. The police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief. They are checking your memory by which method?
D
Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud disagreed about whether or not
D
An investigator repeats the procedures of another researcher's experiment but obtains different results. Scientists would say that the results of the first experiment were
D
Both people and birds prefer physically attractive mates. What is the theoretical explanation?
D
Brittany cannot remember what happened during her psychology class and suggests that aliens from outer space temporarily kidnapped her brain. Her roommate suggests that she slept through class Most psychologists prefer the "sleep" explanation because it is more
D
Drugs that affect behavior - including both medical drugs such as Ritalin illegal drugs such as cocaine - exert their mainly by altering the
D
How does DSM help psychologists do research?
D
Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of
D
Jeff has periods of chest pains, difficult breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, faintness, and dizziness for no apparent reason. From which of these disorders is he apparently suffering?
D
Psychologists Latane and Darley propse that no one helped Kitty Genovese when she was attacked near her apartment in New York in 1964 because
D
Suppose you try as hard as possible to avoid thinking about polar bears. You are likely to have a temporary experience that resembles which disorder
D
The "binding problem" refers to which theoretical question
D
The Society for the Defense of Apathy asks you to make a $1 contribution, and you agree. Later they ask you for a $50 donation. The society is using the ___ technique
D
The left hemisphere of the cortex receives input from the ___ side of the body and controls muscles on the ___ side of the body.
D
The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the ___, and the ___
D
To determine whether you are an alcoholic or not, in which question should you ask?
D
To test for the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can
D
What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?
D
What do we call the process of looking within yourself to describe sensations and experiences?
D
What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence
D
What evidence, if any, shows that newborn infants hear a difference between "ba" and "pa"
D
Which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns
D
Which term refers to Titchener's attempts to understand the components of mental experience?
D
Why do most introductory psychology courses today spend relatively little time discussing Freud?
D
Your friend asks, "what's the name of our chemistry lab instructor? I think it starts with a J." This is which type of memory test?
D
It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say "Nothing to worry about...I won't have any trouble finding a job." This is an example of which defense mechanism?
DENIAL
Trust vs. mistrust, intimacy vs. isolation, and generativity vs. stagnation are stages in
ERIKSON'S AGES OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect?
EXPERIMENT
What is the primary difference between fear and anxiety
FEAR, UNLIKE ANXETY, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC SITUATION
The presence of many other people will decrease the probability that you will
HELP A PERSON IN DISTRESS
What is spontaneous remission?
IMPROVEMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WITHOUT THERAPY
Nearly all types of psychotherapy have the following feature in common:
IN ALL, THE CLIENT MAKES A COMMITMENT TO TRY TO IMPROVE IN SOME WAY
When you see something, what happens?
LIGHT BOUNCING OFF THE OBJECT STRIKES YOUR EYES
What is one implication of the results of Milgram's study on obedience to authority?
MANY NORMAL PEOPLE WILL FOLLOW UNREASONABLE AND DANGEROUS ORDERS
The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning ___, and logos, meaning___
MIND...WORD
One explanation for many optical illusions is that people
MISJUDGE SIZES BECAUSE THEY MISJUDGE DISTANCES
Some have claimed that messages recorded backward on rock music are perverting the minds of American youth. Which of these is the best-supported evidence against that claim?
PEOPLE CANNOT UNDERSTAND BACKWARD SPEECH AND DO NOT RESPOND TO IT
What does the Implicit Association Test attempt to measure?
PEOPLE'S PREJUDICES THAT THEY DO NOT WANT TO ADMIT
What belief do humanistic psychologists emphasize?
PERSONALITY DEPENDS ON WHAT PEOPLE BELIEVE AND HOW THEY PERCEIVE THE WORLD
With regard to schizophrenia, hallucination are considered a ___ symptom and delusions are a ___ symptom.
POSITIVE...POSITIVE
Any specific study goes through four steps. Which of the following is NOT one of those steps?
PROOF
A psychotherapist with an M.D. degree is a ___. One with a Ph.D. is a ___.
PSYCHIATRIST...CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
What does The Individuals with Disabilities Act in the United States require?
PUBLIC SCHOOLS MUST PROVIDE FREE & APPROPRIATE EDUCATION FOR ALL CHILDREN REGARDLESS OF THEIR LIMITATIONS
If you have once or twice heard a voice when you knew you were alone, what does it mean?
RELAX, IT PROBABLY MEANS NOTHING
Researchers survey people they selected to include the same percentages of male and female, old and young, etc., as the whole population. What kind of sample is this?
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
The order of stages in Piaget's theory of development is:
SENSORIMOTOR, PREOPERATIONAL, CONCRETE OPERATIONS, FORMAL OPERATIONS
If you choose a job because you consider it "man's work" or "woman's work," you have been influenced by what?
SEX ROLES
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the capacity of
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
One unusual feature of implicit memories is that
SOMEONE CAN HAVE AN IMPLICIT MEMORY WITHOUT KNOWING IT
The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether
SOMETHING IS PRESENTED OR REMOVED
Which of the following does the biopsychosocial model of mental illness emphasize?
SOMETHING THAT SEEMS NORMAL IN ONE CULTURE MIGHT BE ABNORMAL IN ANOTHER
Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficacy?
SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF TASKS SIMILAR TO THE ONE YOU ARE CONSIDERING