Psychology 101 Final Exam Terms

An advertiser wants to increase the likelihood of persuasion in their commercials. Based on research, they could

Both a & b would help

The reasons that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering the laboratory, was because

Both b and c are correct

Wernicke's aphasia causes

1) impairment of one's ability to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express their own thoughts.

According to the Wechsler scales, the middle 50% of scores fall within the "broad average range." This is

90 to 110

Which of the following is a prediction of Weber's constant for noticing differences?

A person of 200 pounds would have to lose twice as much weight as a person of 100 pounds in order for the difference to be noticed.

Kryzanta often finds that what she feels and believes does not correspond with what she does. This is typical for most people and is what social psychologists refer to as the

A-B problem

targeting women's concerns over their appearance, particularly in regard to aging. A technique that is likely to work would be a(n) __________ advertising campaign.

fear appeal

You are paid $29 for every five doghouses that you paint. This is an example of

fixed ratio schedule

The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about an emotionally arousing event, like the attacks of September 11, 2001, is called

flashbulb memory

Showing too little emotional response when reporting frightening events is called

flat effect

Which visual capacity do infants develop first?

following a moving light with their eyes

The tendency to assume that others act mainly on the basis of their dispositions (e.g., personality traits) is the

fundamental attribution error

In the biopsychosocial perspective of schizophrenia, ___________ interact with other factors, such as complications during pregnancy and birth, stress, quality of parenting and social conditions to give rise to the disorder.

genetic factors

Other researchers have criticized Piaget's theory because

he underestimated children's abilities at younger ages

The clinical psychologist's aim in applying prediction and control principles to a client's behavior is to

help the client meet his or her goals in treatment.

One advantage of the Wechsler scales is that they

highlight children's relative strengths and weaknesses, as well as measure overall intellectual functioning.

A practical application of trait theories is

hiring employees most likely to succeed

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying

human thinking and memory.

Frank tended to drive recklessly because he enjoyed it. He had received several traffic tickets and had even been in car accidents. Freud would likely say that Frank's actions are based upon which psychic structure?

id

School psychologists are employed by school districts to

identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.

Crying, cooing, and babbling are prelinguistic activities that are

inborn

Good grades serve as a(n) _______ for studying

incentive

When the teacher and student were in separate rooms in Milgram's experiment, the victim was depersonalized and this

increased the level of obedience

Walking away from a problem temporarily can allow for _________ to help overcome mental sets that interfere with finding the correction solution.

incubation

The babbling of infants in all cultures sounds much the same, but by 9 or 10 months of age

infants repeat the sounds used in the home

Social psychology involves the study of all of the following EXCEPT

intelligence

Although biological factors are very important in explaining and treating mood disorders, these factors appear to __________ learning and cognitive attributions, which also play a role in the duration and strength of symptoms.

interact with

A therapist's relationship to a client is impacted by the

interaction of the therapist's theoretical approach and the client's perspective.

Deprivation of REM sleep in humans

interferes with learning and memory

An attitude is said to be accessible when

it is easily brought to mind

A conditioned response is a(n)

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

According to behaviorists, __________ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience.

learning

Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the __________ perspective.

learning

One child takes great pride in academic accomplishments. Another child takes great pride in pleasing her parents. These are examples of the influence of __________ on psychological needs.

learning

A newborn shows a preference for his/her mother's voice rather than the father's voice. This is most likely the result of

learning to recognize the mother's voice because of more exposure to these sounds before birth.

The part of the eye that changes its thickness to adjust an image to make it clearer is the________.

lens

People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to

lose weight or quit smoking

John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

measurable behavior

The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is called

memory

Schizophrenic symptoms include core problems with

memory, attention, thinking, and communication.

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ___________ change that may or may not be associated with a ___________ change.

mental; behavioral

Support for Kohlberg's theory has been found in his view that

moral reasoning follows a developmental sequence

Lazarus found that daily hassles include all of the following except

natural disasters

Wallace lives near a major railroad changing station. He is desensitized to the noise of the roaring trains. What has taken place?

negative adaptation

A(n) _________ is a nerve cell.

neuron

Eysenck referred to emotional instability as

neuroticism

Cocaine and amphetamines increase the production of which neurotransmitters?

norephinephrine and dopamine

John's parents never cared for Southerners. They thought Southerners were slow and lazy. John often heard them make jokes about the south. John is being transferred to Alabama and he knows he won't like it because of the people there. He acquired this attitude through __________ learning.

observational

A patient comes to his doctor complaining of visual difficulties. After a thorough examination the ophthalmologist finds no anatomical problem in the patient's eyes. The doctor therefore refers the patient to a neurologist to investigate possible damage to his

occipital lobe

On theories of color vision, the weight of evidence tends to support

opponents process and trichromatic theories as partially correct.

Which of the following statements about insomnia is true?

people compound their sleep problems when they try to force themselves to fall asleep.

Social-cognitive theory differs from behaviorism in that social-cognitive theory argues that

people influence their environments

A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably formulated by a __________ psychologist.

personality

Reasonably stable patterns of actions, feelings, and motives are referred to as

personality

Rita is concerned about her job security and her ability to make her mortgage payments. These concerns can lead to

physical illness

In Salem in 1692, people assumed that psychological disorders resulted from

possession by the devil

Theories allow psychologists to make __________ such as a client's chance of recovery.

predictions

An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as

prejudice

Drive-reduction theory defines hunger, pain, and thirst as

primary drives

The function of early asylums was to

provide a place to store the mentally ill.

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop a __________ theory of personality.

psychoanalytic

The DSM-IV-TR can be used to determine

psychological disorders based on presenting behavior patterns.

Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes. DeLeon is a

psychologist

As you leave a darkly lit movie theater and enter the parking lot on a bright sunny day, the ______ in your eyes adjust so you are not blinded by the increase in light.

pupils

A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ______ memory task.

recognition

The ability to predict a stressor helps to

reduce the stress

The manner in which learning helps to shape attitudes is through

reinforcement and observation

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the personality factor "extraversion." He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. To what dimension of assessment does this refer?

reliability

Research has shown that mere __________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it

repeated exposure

The removal of anxiety-provoking ideas from awareness is called

repression

The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.

Damage to the __________ can prevent an individual from being aroused and possibly lead to a coma.

reticular activation system

According to stimulus motives, if a person is bored they will be motivated to

seek stimulation

When psychologists talk of focusing on a particular stimulus, they are referring to

selective attention

Mike is shopping for a new car and he has found one that he thinks is perfect. He has read some good reviews about the car's performance. However, he has found a few negative reviews about the car, which he has decided to ignore. Diverting one's attention from information inconsistent with one's attitudes is called

selective avoidance

Following a long period of playing lead guitar in his rock band, Orpheus showed diminished hearing in particular frequencies. He most likely suffers from

sensorineural deafness.

Deficiencies in __________ have been linked to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia.

serotonin

George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time.

seven

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called

shaping

When you see a classmate in class or at a study session, they are always very friendly towards you. However, when you run into them at an upscale party, they act as if they do not know you. Since you know they are a friendly person, you are most likely to attribute your classmate's behavior to

situational attributions

__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.

social

The subfield of psychology that studies attitudes, social perceptions, interpersonal attraction, social influence and group behavior is known as

social psychology

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological disorders?

socially appropriate behavior

After a serious car accident, Dr. Murray tests the reflexes of an unconscious victim. Lack of response may indicate that he has injuries to his

spinal cord

The deepest sleep, and the one from which it is hardest to be awakened,

stage 4

A test is given to a large number of people, and the responses are analyzed to determine typical responses. This process is referred to as

standardization

Cochlear implants, or "artificial ears," restore hearing by

stimulating the auditory nerve directly

A prisoner is punished with solitary confinement. This punishment consists of the deprivation of a need for

stimulation

A person who feels very strongly about the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro-life legislation, whereas someone who merely agrees that people have a right to live is less likely to be concerned over the legislation. This demonstrates the effect that the __________ of attitudes has on behavior.

strength

demand made on an organism to adapt is called

stress

Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called

structuralism

According to William James, humans have instincts that foster

survival and social behavior

The four qualities of taste are

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the

sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

__________ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.

taste aversion

In the present day United States, most people with psychological disorders live in

the community

Social norms are

the explicit and implicit expectations concerning social behavior

Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. Applying the principles of learning theory to the direct modification of human conduct is referred to as

the practice of psychology

Sarah is a Japanese American. If she eats a diet typical of other Americans, she can expect

the same death rate as other Americans despite genes

You and a friend are studying psychology at the dining room table when you hear something stirring underneath it. You lean over to investigate, and a rat scurries across the floor. Which nervous system kicks into gear in both you and your friend?

the sympathetic nervous system

A __________ proposes a relationship among observed events

theory

Motives are described as hypothetical states because

they cannot be seen or measured directly

The mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information is called

thinking

Applied research is research undertaken

to find solutions to specific problems.

Women are about _______ as likely to be diagnosed with depression as men

twice

According to Freud, some mental events are unavailable to us under almost all circumstances. These are in the

unconscious

Joshua developed an assessment tool to determine a person's level of depression. However, upon repeated trials, he comes to find that the test is actually a better measure of self-esteem. Joshua's depression measure is not very ________.

valid

A slot machine is an example of a

variable ratio schedule

To avoid the heat it is better to wear white clothing as opposed to black when out in the sun. This is true because

white reflects a lot of light whereas black reflects little light.

The study of motivation is an attempt to understand _________ a behavior occurs.

why

A high need for achievement would drive a person to

work hard

Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in

workplaces

When you wake up, and you feel as if you have not slept at all,

you were probably awakened while still in stage one

Stress researcher _________ described how the body responds to stress in his concept of the general adaptation syndrome.

Hans Selve

Which statement most accurately depicts the role of "predictability" as discovered in research on stress?

It decreases the impact of stress

Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females?

Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.

__________ therapies are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic

________ are the photoreceptors that allow us to see black and white; ______ are the photoreceptors that allow us to see colors.

Rods;cones

_______________is stimulation of the sense receptors; perception is an inner representation of the world.

Sensation

Originally, Dr. Antonio Moniz would have agreed with which of the following statements regarding prefrontal lobotomies?

The technique is useful for controlling patient's aggressive, destructive behavior.

Body language is

The tendency to infer people's thoughts and feelings from their postures and gestures

Which of the following suggests that mood disorders have a biological basis?

There are high concordance rates for bipolar disorder in identical twins.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding long-term memory?

There is a tendency to replace new information with old information.

Which newscast is an individual most likely to watch on a regular basis?

Tom Brokaw, who agrees with their views

Among individuals with similar IQ levels, which of the following tends to make more money and have higher grades?

Type A

Individuals who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, and aggressive are referred to as

Type A

Betsy paces herself in her work, tends to be less impatient, and also tends to be less ambitious. She fits a __________ pattern.

Type B

Your friend Suki's grandmother has always told her that happier people experience less stress. Since she knows that you are taking a psychology course, she asks you whether or not psychologists would agree with her grandmother. Which of the following would you be most likely to tell her?

Yes, Grandma was correct, research has shown that humor can moderate the effects of stress.

In research with two-month-old infants, you would probably find they prefer

a clown's face to a printed word

A circadian rhythm is

a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of earth's rotation

Pain avoidance is a response to

a primary drive

The tendency toward homeostasis or a steady state would cause

a tired person to sleep

The ________ __________ is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to produce a sensation.

absolute threshold

Linda was not voted "Most Popular" in her graduating class. According to her thinking, if she is not most popular, then she must be unpopular. According to Beck, this type of cognitive error is called

absolutist thinking

According to Ellis, a situation, such as failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n)

activating event

Mark sees an attacker approaching him with a knife. During his reaction, he experiences increased energy and a faster heart rate. This is caused most directly by

adrenaline and noradrenaline

According to Peggy Blake and her colleagues (1984), which of the following did college students rate as stressful?

all of these

As a juror attempting to make a decision regarding the possible guilt of a defendant, you recall how the lawyer kept referring to this individual as a criminal, so you assume he/she must be guilty. You have allowed _________ to influence your decision-making.

all of these

Certain kinds of stimuli have been found to capture people's attention more easily than others. Among these are __________ stimuli.

all of these

Hormonal factors, a cognitive vulnerability and ________ have all been cited as possible contributing factors to depression in women.

all of these

In terms of principles of critical thinking, the statement "Intelligence is genetically based" needs to be examined for its

all of these

Instinctual behavior is indicative of

all of these

Persuasive communicators usually have a good deal of

all of these

Psychotherapy is used to affect the client's

all of these

Which of the following would not be possible without the functioning of the nervous system?

all of these

The loudness of a sound is determined by the __________ of sound waves.

amplitude

Attachment is defined as

an enduring emotional tie

Gene knows he will be having surgery to remove a tumor in his neck. He has done research to learn about the procedure. This knowledge will help him most if he has

an internal locus of control

In __________ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, electric shock, or a surgical operation.

anterograde

Mark is trying to make a choice between asking Helen or Lorelei to a party this weekend. He's having a tough time deciding because both are equally appealing options. This is indicative of a(n) __________ conflict.

approach-approach

Aaron has just been given a telephone number of a woman with whom he wants to schedule a date, but he doesn't have anything to write the number down on. If he does not rehearse the telephone number, how long does he have to find paper and pencil before he can no longer remember it?

around 10 seconds

Jean Piaget hypothesized that cognitive development progressed

as an orderly sequence of stages

Piaget described human thought in terms of two basic concepts:

assimilation and accommodation

A psychological factor in signal detection is focusing your _________ on stimuli that you consider important.

attention

Behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places or things with favor or disfavor are known as

attitudes

When you get up in the morning and think about your job that you dislike, you would really prefer to stay in bed so you call in sick. This shows how __________ can affect behavior

attitudes

When Charlotte hears something embarrassing, she blushes. Being a student of psychology, she knows that this condition is controlled by the

autonomic nervous system

Pairing drug-induced nausea/vomiting or electric shock with unwanted behaviors or impulses is called

aversive conditioning

Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is

avoidance-avoidance

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes

John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.

behaviorism

Between activating events and consequences, Ellis proposed that __________ could increase the level of stress experienced.

beliefs

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.

better adapted to the environment

The disorder characterized by extreme mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression is know by psychologists today as

bipolar disorder

Preschool intervention programs have been found to

both a and b

Sensory and motor messages that allow you to pick up your pen are transmitted by the

both a and b

The amount of stress resulting from daily hassles and life changes depends upon the individual's

both a and b

Today, hypnotism is used to

both a and c

A salesperson for vitamins gives out a medical journal article that discusses the research on a particular vitamin's benefits. The salesperson is using the __________ route to persuade customers to buy his product.

central

The brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system

After her stroke Cathy was no longer able to coordinate her dance movements. More than likely her __________ was damaged.

cerebellum

A cancer patient has decided to face his/her disease with courage and make whatever adjustments are necessary to enjoy his/her remaining time. According to Kobasa, this patient demonstrates the ___________ characteristic of psychological hardiness.

challenge

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

classical conditioning

Ben's therapist believes that Ben has ignored his desire to go to college because his family always wanted him to join them in their restaurant business. This has held him back from achieving his full potential. Ben's therapist uses the ________ approach to therapy.

client-centered

You meet with your therapist for the first time, and she tells you that she believes that we have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that we are free to make choices and control our destinies. She also tells you that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. What kind of therapy is she likely to practice?

client-centered

Your therapist has you focus on your tendency to magnify problems and engage in catastrophic thinking. You are seeing a __________ therapist.

cognitive

Systematic desensitization procedures assume that fear is a(n) __________ response.

conditioned or learned

Being pulled in two directions at the same time is called

conflict

According to Ellis, the result of a situation that causes stress is called a(n)

consequence

Light first passes through the outer surface of the eye called the ___________.

cornea

When health warnings regarding cigarette smoking include pictures of aged, wrinkled skin, yellow-brown teeth and definite risks to appearance in addition to lung cancer, students are more likely to

decrease their smoking habit

A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:

developing standardized intelligence tests.

__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.

developmental

Chantel's friends all prefer long hair and low-rise jeans. They have encouraged her to adopt the same look. Chantel now prefers this mode of dress and criticizes others who dress differently. Chantel's attitude was acquired through

direct experience and reinforcement

A landlord has an apartment to rent. Even though it is vacant, when two college students come to inquire the landlord informs them that the apartment has already been rented. This is because of his belief that college students throw wild parties and destroy property. The landlord's behavior of refusal is an example of

discrimination

An important neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenic symptoms is

dopamine

__________ theories suggest that needs create a state of tension and that behavior relieves that tension and returns the organism to a calm, resting state.

drive-reduction

Behavior patterns that heighten the risk for cancer include all of the following EXCEPT

eating high fiber foods

You are taking notes, while listening to a lecture. The sensory register holds the information as ______ in your ______ memory.

echoes;echoic

A five-year-old is speaking on the telephone to his/her grandparent. The child holds up the picture they were describing and says to the grandparent "See." According to Piaget, this demonstrates _____.

egocentrism

A fixation can occur during a psychosexual stage of development if there is

either too little or too much gratification

As a science, Psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

eliminate behavior

Joan's therapist acknowledges her pain regarding the loss of her home and explains how he might feel the same way if confronted with a similar situation. Joan's therapist is demonstrating

empathy

Jack just finished a 26-mile marathon. In spite of the physical strain he feels euphoric and elated due to the release of

endorphins

The neurotransmitter(s) linked to pleasure and alleviation of pain is (are)

endorphins

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?

experimental

Who tends to see their fate as out of their control?

externals

An individual exhibiting sympathetic arousal and concern about danger is likely to be experiencing

fear

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Role theory and response set theory of hypnosis are supported by which of the following research findings?

All of these