Psychology 1010 - Module 11 Memory

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Experiences move through 3 specific memory stores; sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory

3-stage model of memory

The person has trouble remembering anything after the injury

Anterograde Amnesia

Location of a particular passage on a page, or the general location of your car in the parking lot

Automatic encoding

Where in the brain is procedural memory processed

Basil Ganglia

Where in the brain is implicit memory and classically conditioned memory processed

Cerebellum

Memory traces, or engrams, are changes in the nervous system (brain) in response to an event. A specific memories will arise as interconnected neural networks are activated in a particular way.

Connectionism models of memory

faster, short-term learning and faster forgetting

Cramming/massed practice

Study hard for an exam

Effortful encoding

Writing down or rehearsing the ingredients in a recipe so you won't forget

Effortful encoding

You rehearse the names of your future in-laws' extended family before attending a family reunion of your fiancé

Effortful encoding

Knowing your mothers birthday.

Explicit

Memorizing all the bones in the human body

Explicit

Processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes.

Explicit

Facts and experiences you consciously know.

Explicit Memory

Includes facts and general knowledge, as well as personal experiences

Explicit Memory

Eye witness testimony if fool proof when

Eye-witness accounts may be more accurate under the circumstances above, but they are never fool proof.

True or False? It is easy to tell whether or not a memory is real

False

True or False? Recovering memories with the aid of hypnosis or drugs is a reliable way to get at the truth

False

True or False?People never forget about childhood abuse

False

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage decay or retrieval errors

Forgetting

Where in the brain are explicit memories processed

Hippocampus

Where in the brain is memory better the next day after sleep

Hippocampus

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called _____ and can create false memories.

Imagination effect

Processed in te cerebellum & basil ganglia

Implicit

Includes motor and cognitive skills, and conditioned responses

Implicit Memory

Riding a Bicycle

Implicit Memory

Things that are learned automatically or without deliberate effort to remember on your part.

Implicit Memory

The mind is like a computer; information is encoded (input), stored, and retrieved (output).

Information Processing model of memory

Memory

Learning that persists over time.

Information and experiences are stored in a specific location in the brain, waiting to be retrieved. When people "forget," it is because they cannot access the full memory, although if they could, they would have a perfect recording of reality.

Library model of memory

There are no limits on the amount of information that can be stored in this memory store.

Long-term memory

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Misinformation effect

Which of the following strategies does not enhance a person's ability to effectively encode (and remember) information?

Practice information all at once in one big cramming session

Replacing a memory with a slightly modified version of that memory

Reconsolidation

The person has trouble remembering anything before the injury.

Retrograde Amnesia

A massive amount of information passes through this store, most of which is subsequently lost

Sensory Memory

Duration of the memories in this store range, depending on which sensory organ they come through, between less than a second to 4 seconds.

Sensory Memory

Being unable to remember where we learned or heard a piece of info

Source Amnesia

Children are more likely to give accurate testimony when...

The intervieweris warm and supportive, the child uderstands you want him or her to be as acurate as possible, the child is asked neutral non-leading questions

True or False? Given leading information people may recover false memories of abuse.

True

True or False? Memories of things that happened before age 3 are often unreliable.

True

True or False? People often recall things they've forgotten from childhood.

True

True or False? Traumatic events are more likely to produce intrusive,unwanted memories, than to be forgotten

True

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve matches studies of how much High School Spanish students forget over time. Which of the following is true about the rate of forgetting in these examples?

We tend to forget about half of the material very quickly, and then forgetting levels off

Memory enters this store from both of the other stores.

Working Memory

Most people have a capacity to hang on to 7 pieces of information, plus or minus 2, in this memory store.

Working Memory

You can think of this memory store as the contents of your conscious mind. (what you are currently thinking about.)

Working Memory

Duration of memories in this store is between 10 to 20 seconds, unless it is rehearsed of working on in some way.

Working memory

You probably know how many times you've broken a bone without consciously keeping track.

automatic encoding

Recall is enhanced when the context in which we learned something matched the context in which we are trying to remember it.

context effects

longer retention

distributed practice

Which of the following descriptions of how emotions and memory interact is false?

emotional flashbulv memories retain their accuracy as we recall them for years to come.

Duration of memories in this store is unlimited.

long-term memory

Activation of mental associations that can occur with or without awareness

priming

Prior learning disrupts recall of new information

proactive interference

New learning disrupts recall of old information

retroactive interference

Memories that are congrunt with out current moods come more easily to mind

state dependent


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