Psychology 1010 - Module 11 Memory
Experiences move through 3 specific memory stores; sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory
3-stage model of memory
The person has trouble remembering anything after the injury
Anterograde Amnesia
Location of a particular passage on a page, or the general location of your car in the parking lot
Automatic encoding
Where in the brain is procedural memory processed
Basil Ganglia
Where in the brain is implicit memory and classically conditioned memory processed
Cerebellum
Memory traces, or engrams, are changes in the nervous system (brain) in response to an event. A specific memories will arise as interconnected neural networks are activated in a particular way.
Connectionism models of memory
faster, short-term learning and faster forgetting
Cramming/massed practice
Study hard for an exam
Effortful encoding
Writing down or rehearsing the ingredients in a recipe so you won't forget
Effortful encoding
You rehearse the names of your future in-laws' extended family before attending a family reunion of your fiancé
Effortful encoding
Knowing your mothers birthday.
Explicit
Memorizing all the bones in the human body
Explicit
Processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes.
Explicit
Facts and experiences you consciously know.
Explicit Memory
Includes facts and general knowledge, as well as personal experiences
Explicit Memory
Eye witness testimony if fool proof when
Eye-witness accounts may be more accurate under the circumstances above, but they are never fool proof.
True or False? It is easy to tell whether or not a memory is real
False
True or False? Recovering memories with the aid of hypnosis or drugs is a reliable way to get at the truth
False
True or False?People never forget about childhood abuse
False
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding storage decay or retrieval errors
Forgetting
Where in the brain are explicit memories processed
Hippocampus
Where in the brain is memory better the next day after sleep
Hippocampus
Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called _____ and can create false memories.
Imagination effect
Processed in te cerebellum & basil ganglia
Implicit
Includes motor and cognitive skills, and conditioned responses
Implicit Memory
Riding a Bicycle
Implicit Memory
Things that are learned automatically or without deliberate effort to remember on your part.
Implicit Memory
The mind is like a computer; information is encoded (input), stored, and retrieved (output).
Information Processing model of memory
Memory
Learning that persists over time.
Information and experiences are stored in a specific location in the brain, waiting to be retrieved. When people "forget," it is because they cannot access the full memory, although if they could, they would have a perfect recording of reality.
Library model of memory
There are no limits on the amount of information that can be stored in this memory store.
Long-term memory
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Misinformation effect
Which of the following strategies does not enhance a person's ability to effectively encode (and remember) information?
Practice information all at once in one big cramming session
Replacing a memory with a slightly modified version of that memory
Reconsolidation
The person has trouble remembering anything before the injury.
Retrograde Amnesia
A massive amount of information passes through this store, most of which is subsequently lost
Sensory Memory
Duration of the memories in this store range, depending on which sensory organ they come through, between less than a second to 4 seconds.
Sensory Memory
Being unable to remember where we learned or heard a piece of info
Source Amnesia
Children are more likely to give accurate testimony when...
The intervieweris warm and supportive, the child uderstands you want him or her to be as acurate as possible, the child is asked neutral non-leading questions
True or False? Given leading information people may recover false memories of abuse.
True
True or False? Memories of things that happened before age 3 are often unreliable.
True
True or False? People often recall things they've forgotten from childhood.
True
True or False? Traumatic events are more likely to produce intrusive,unwanted memories, than to be forgotten
True
Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve matches studies of how much High School Spanish students forget over time. Which of the following is true about the rate of forgetting in these examples?
We tend to forget about half of the material very quickly, and then forgetting levels off
Memory enters this store from both of the other stores.
Working Memory
Most people have a capacity to hang on to 7 pieces of information, plus or minus 2, in this memory store.
Working Memory
You can think of this memory store as the contents of your conscious mind. (what you are currently thinking about.)
Working Memory
Duration of memories in this store is between 10 to 20 seconds, unless it is rehearsed of working on in some way.
Working memory
You probably know how many times you've broken a bone without consciously keeping track.
automatic encoding
Recall is enhanced when the context in which we learned something matched the context in which we are trying to remember it.
context effects
longer retention
distributed practice
Which of the following descriptions of how emotions and memory interact is false?
emotional flashbulv memories retain their accuracy as we recall them for years to come.
Duration of memories in this store is unlimited.
long-term memory
Activation of mental associations that can occur with or without awareness
priming
Prior learning disrupts recall of new information
proactive interference
New learning disrupts recall of old information
retroactive interference
Memories that are congrunt with out current moods come more easily to mind
state dependent