AD Test 3

Alcohol and drugs are present in about ______% of prime time network programs, movies, and music videos.

75

Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with parents is true?

Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers.

According to the textbook, because _____ girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

Black; negatively; higher

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity moratorium state?

Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity achieved state?

Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity; she has made identity commitments after a period of exploration

According to the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance?

It is the combination of all of the above.

What proportion of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for someone to hit a boyfriend or girlfriend?

More than 50% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl to hit her boyfriend and about 25% believe it is OK for a boy to hit his girlfriend.

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

They remain about the same.

Tony and Jeff, both Black adolescents, attend different schools. Tony attends a school where his ethnic group is in the majority and Jeff attends a predominately White school. What do studies predict about Tony and/or Jeff's self-perception?

Tony will have fewer self-image problems than Jeff.

Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?

Unprotected sex can have serious consequences.

secure attachment

a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust

experience sampling method (ESM)

a method of collecting data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are paged and asked to report on their mood and activity

psychosocial moratorium

a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities

Routine Activity Theory

a perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior

As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except:

a sexual and/or physical relationship.

adult attachment interview

a structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and "internal working model" of relationships

The Experience Sampling Method involves:

adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following?

aggression school misconduct minor delinquency All of these are correct.

anxious-resistant attachment

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion

anxious-avoidant attachment

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver

During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing:

an internal working model.

It is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers, and romantic partners:

are correlated.

The most popular type of extracurricular activities is:

athletics.

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called:

attachment

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?

baby-sitting and lawn work

As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:

be absent from school.

false self behavior

behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for a long-time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:

better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior.

Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called?

co-rumination

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:

conduct problems. depression. lower achievement in school. All of these are correct.

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

establishing a coherent sense of identity

co-rumination

excessive talking with another about problems

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called

flow experience.

Multiethnic

having two parents of different ethnic or racial backgrounds

rejection sensitivity

heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others

According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time?

in passive activities

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ behavior with close friends.

inauthentically; false-self

The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____.

increases; remains stable

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on:

intimacy and trust.

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

leisure activities

Today's teenagers spend the most hours:

leisure activities

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children?

loyalty

Having two parents of different ethnic or racial backgrounds is a description of

multiethnic

Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among adolescents?

music-related and academic-related

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?

need for part-time workers abundance of low-wage positions short shift schedules All of these are correct.

Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local district attorney, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Edith has most likely adopted a:

negative identity.

platonic relationships

nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners

unstructured leisure time

not an organized activity like hanging out with friends

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

personality dimensions

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

physical appearance self-esteem

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what?

positive youth development

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during:

preadolescence

According to Erikson, a necessary "time-out" for adolescents is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

Since Ignacio became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Ignacio's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

According to the textbook, which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?

religious affiliation

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in:

same-sex relationships.

Structured Leisure Activities

school-sponsored extracurricular activities: athletics, music, academic

Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

self-conception.

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

self-esteem.

During preadolescence, _____ is the single most important determinant of friendship.

sex

Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend:

spends more time with a new friend she has made.

Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use?

the Adult Attachment Interview

ethnic identity

the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership

The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is:

the breakup of a romantic relationship.

self-conception

the collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves

self-consciousness

the degree to which an individual is preoccupied with his or her self-image

self-image stability

the degree to which an individual's self-image changes from day to day

self-esteem

the degree to which individuals feel positively or negative about themselves

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

flow experience

the experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time

sense of identity

the extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming

immigrant paradox

the fact that on many measures of psychological functioning and mental health, adolescents who have immigrated more recently to the United States score higher on measures of adjustment that adolescents from the same ethnic group whose family has lived in the US for several generations

positive youth development

the goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development

internal working model

the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life. believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences

identity diffusion

the incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self characteristics of not having resolved the crisis of identity

identity foreclosure

the premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred

ethnic socialization

the process through which individuals develop an understanding of their ethnic or racial background, also referred to as racial socialization

negative identity

the selection of an identity that is obviously undesirable in the eyes of significant others and the broader community

five-factor model

the theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience

controversial media content

there are 3 topics that media content seems to be promoting: sex, violence, and drugs

Stephanie, an adolescent who has witnessed a great deal of conflict between her parents, will most likely experience higher levels of:

verbal aggression with her romantic partners. physical aggression with her romantic partners. relationship difficulties with her romantic partners. All of these are correct.

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

viral marketing

Dewayne's parents are worried that as he enters adolescence, his self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Dewayne's parents expect the most fluctuations in his self-image?

when he is 12-14 years old