Psychology 142 Final Exam

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A.) night terrors B.) narcolepsy C.) restless leg syndrome D.) sleep apnea

a

After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea? A.) Hypothesis B.) Dependent variable C.) Extraneous variable D.) experimental estimate

a

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A.) associative B.) instinctive C.) processual D.) reflexive

a

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A.) chunking B.) elaborative rehearsal C.) a mnemonic device D.) persistence

a

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? A.) mild B.) moderate C.) profound D.) severe

a

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

a

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A.) Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B.) Explicit memories are memories that we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C.) Explicit memories are memories that we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D.) Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

a

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered _________ memory. A.) explicit B.) implicit C.) procedural D.) episodic

a

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _________. A.) learned B.) instinctive C.) reflexive D.) reactive

a

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the _______ variable. A.) independent B.) dependent C.) correlational D.) experimental

a

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A.) interpersonal B.) intrapersonal C.) linguistic D.) naturalist

a

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

a

Light waves are first transmitted through the _________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the __________before shining onto the retina. A.) cornea; pupil B.) sclera; lens C.) lens; sclera D.) pupil; cornea

a

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by _________. A.) darkness; light B.) light; darkness C.) pulsing light; steady light D.) twilight; gloom

a

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A.) circadian B.) external C.) melatonin D.) diurnal

a

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without laboratory controls is known as the A.) Naturalistic observation method B.) Experimental method C.) Survey method D.) Psychometric approach

a

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A.) cones B.) fovea C.) lens D.) rods

a

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his key chain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a _________. A.) confirmation bias B.) functional fixedness C.) hindsight bias D.) mental set

d

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with consequences. Which kind of learning is this? A.) classical conditioning B.) imitation C.) modeling D.) operant conditioning

d

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior __________. A.) after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B.) after dreaming they were on television C.) after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D.) after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character.

d

The work of Freud was built around A.) A theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes B.) A theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts C.) A method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior D.) A method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations.

b

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness. A.) sensorineural B.) night C.) foveal D.) conductive

b

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A.) demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins B.) revealed a genetic component to intelligence C.) suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption D.) suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

b

What is confirmation bias? A.) believing the event you just experienced was predictable B.) focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs C.) focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision D.) stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

b

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A.) both our respiration and heartbeat quicken B.) both our respiration and heartbeat slow down C.) our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down D.) our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

b

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes? A.) 1 B.) 2 C.) 3 D.) REM

b

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A.) transience B.) recognition C.) recall D.) the Stroop effect

b

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what is was designed for? A.) anchoring bias B.) functional fixedness C.) hindsight bias D.) representative sample

b

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? A.) crying while asleep B.) kicking and punching while asleep C.) snoring while asleep D.) talking while asleep

b

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? A.) The psychoanalytic perspective B.) The humanistic perspective C.) The cognitive perspective D.) The behavioral perspective

b

Who was an early proponent of functionalism? A.) Ivan Pavlov B.) William James C.) Wilhelm Wundt D.) Max Wertheimer

b

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of _________. A.) operant conditioning B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) higher-order conditioning

b

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ___________ memory. A.) explicit B.) implicit C.) semantic D.) sensory

b

_______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. A.) beliefs B.) concepts C.) emotions D.) values

b

_________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A.) attrition B.) inter-rater reliability C.) a control group D.) validity

b

_________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware and the other half turned in to the hypnotist. A.) cognitive behavioral B.) dissociative C.) Jungian D.) social-cognitive

b

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design A.) cross sectional B.) experimental C.) longitudinal D.) survey

c

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. A.) cognizance B.) insomnia C.) meditation D.) narcolepsy

c

A(n) ___________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. A.) syllable B.) morpheme C.) phoneme D.) syntactic unit

c

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called _________ practice. A.) chunked B.) massed C.) distributed D.) proactive

c

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability. A.) 130 B.) 100 C.) 70 D.) 40

c

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory. A.) linguistic B.) logical-mathematical C.) musical D.) spatial

c

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by A.) William James B.) William Tell C.) Wilhelm Wundt D.) Sigmund Freud

c

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A.) ego-driven B.) preconscious C.) latent D.) manifest

c

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? A.) Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B.) Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. C.) Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. D.) Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

c

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? A.) The scientific study of behavior B.) The scientific study of mental processes C.) The scientific study of behavior and mental processes D.) The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

c

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A.) cognitive behavioral B.) dependent C.) evolutionary D.) Freudian

c

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A.) interpretation B.) language C.) semantics D.) syntax

c

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? A.) consistency B.) applicability C.) accuracy D.) repetition

c

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of __________. A.) extinction B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) spontaneous recovery

c

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you fell like you won't forget it. This process is called _________. A.) distributed practice B.) the method of loci C.) rehearsal D.) chunking

c

_________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A.) archival research B.) case studies C.) surveys D.) university experiments

c

__________ amnesia is a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. A.) retrograde B.) proactive C.) anterograde D.) retroactive

c

__________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A.) classical B.) operant C.) primary D.) secondary

c

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the _________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A.) control; experimental B.) dependent; independent C.) experimental; control D.) independent; dependent

d

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A.) Conclusion B.) Hypothesis C.) Operational definition D.) Theory

d

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from all the other voices. This illustrates ____________. A.) absolute threshold B.) just noticeable difference C.) Weber's D.) signal detection

d

Cocaine is considered a _________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. A.) antipsychotic B.) depressant C.) hallucinogen D.) stimulant

d

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A.) immediately applying new information to a practical problem B.) organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C.) sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D.) thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

d

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A.) anterograde B.) flashbulb C.) graduated D.) retrograde

d

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? A.) A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference B.) It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories C.) It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency D.) It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

d

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

d

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of _________. A.) confirmation bias B.) confounding variable C.) correlational research D.) observer bias

a

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a women named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A.) attention B.) friendship C.) habit D.) mood

a

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A.) can sometimes be tested with animal studies B.) can only be examined using a descriptive or correlational approach C.) are used to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive D.) are not possible to test with any form of empirical methods

a

The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in a stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ______________. A.) Weber B.) Klein C.) Skinner D.) Pavlov

a

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A.) In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B.) In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C.) In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D.) Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower threshold.

a

What is episodic memory? A.) information about events we have personally experienced B.) knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C.) storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D.) type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things.

a

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A.) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B.) Fear is a conditioned response C.) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D.) One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

a

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A.) afterimage B.) preimage C.) binocular image D.) monocular image

a

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A.) explicit memories B.) implicit memories C.) sensory memories D.) short-term memories

a

Which of the following is an example of instinct? A.) baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked B.) believing that nudity is wrong C.) a teacher demonstrating algebra to students D.) a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents

a

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A.) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B.) letting participation is voluntary C.) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor. D.) reviewing that data is confidential

a

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores? A.) Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. B.) Jerry and Jerica are fraternal twins who were raised in the same home. C.) Vondra and Victoria are a mother and daughter who have lived together for all of Victoria's 15 years. D.) Annabeth and Andre are half-siblings who have the same father but different mothers. They've lived together since they were three and five years old, respectively.

a

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A.) homeostasis B.) insomnia C.) melatonin D.) rhythm

a

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts?" A.) Gestalt psychologist B.) Behaviorist C.) Structuralist D.) Functionalist

a

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, and problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A.) cognition B.) personality C.) conceptualization D.) priming

a

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A.) attrition B.) experimenter bias C.) generalizability D.) single blinding

a

_________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. A.) binocular B.) opponent C.) monocular D.) trichromatic

a

_________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A.) Jane Goodall B.) Sigmund Freud C.) Suzanne Fanger D.) Tatiana Hogan

a

A __________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. A.) letter B.) morpheme C.) phoneme D.) syllable

b

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a A.) representative sample B.) case study C.) single-blind study D.) naturalistic observation

b

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called A.) volunteer bias B.) a representative sample C.) an experimental group D.) a control group

b

A negative correlation means _________. A.) a third variable eliminates a correlation relationship B.) one variable decreases as the other decreases C.) there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D.) two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

b

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of _________ bias. A.) egocentric B.) hindsight C.) stereotypical D.) transient

b

Alcohol is considered a _________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A.) antipsychotic B.) depressant C.) hallucinogen D.) stimulant

b

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of the nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A.) conscience B.) consciousness C.) REM sleep D.) unconsciousness

b

Carmela believes her assistance, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies _________ bias. A.) anchoring B.) confirmation C.) hindsight D.) representational

b

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _________. A.) negative punishment B.) negative reinforcement C.) positive punishment D.) positive reinforcement

b

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A.) transience B.) suggestibility C.) recognition D.) decay

b

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? A.) It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. B.) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. C.) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. D.) It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

b

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

b

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A.) control B.) double-blind C.) pilot D.) randomly assigned

b

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the _________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A.) analytic B.) creative C.) fluid D.) crystallized

b

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) __________ concept. A.) modular B.) natural C.) prototypical D.) artificial

b

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _________ learning. A.) conditioned B.) latent C.) partial D.) primary

b

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives, she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably experiencing from A.) homeostasis B.) jet lag C.) night terrors D.) parasomnia

b

On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a A.) Podiatrist B.) Psychiatrist C.) Clinical psychologist D.) Counseling psychologist

b

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed the screen, about one-third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? A.) bottom-up processing B.) inattentional blindness C.) sensory adaptation D.) top-down processing

b

The ________ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. A.) Rhino B.) Placebo C.) Rorschach D.) Cosmos

b

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ______. A.) validity B.) reliability C.) standardization D.) operationalization

b

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greets her when she enters the house is an example of ___________. A.) acquisition B.) conditioning C.) extinction D.) learning

c

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies _________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory. A.) bodily kinesthetic B.) interpersonal C.) logical-mathematical D.) spatial

c

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ___________. A.) a disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing/ B.) an individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C.) an individuals' airway becomes blocked during sleep. D.) Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

c

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from _______. A.) dyslexia B.) dysgraphia C.) dyscalculia D.) intellectual disability

c

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her __________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. A.) artificial B.) event C.) role D.) script

c

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Smaek may have _________. A.) somnambulism B.) damage to his K-complex C.) narcolepsy D.) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

c

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A.) inter-rater reliability B.) standardization C.) replication D.) validity

c

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of _________. A.) physical dependence B.) psychological dependence C.) tolerance D.) withdrawl

c

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as _________. A.) encoding B.) hyperthymesia C.) retrieval D.) storage

c

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology? A.) structuralism B.) functionalism C.) psychoanalysis D.) behaviorism

c

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? A.) free will B.) brain psychology C.) the unconscious mind D.) external consequences

c

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A.) conditioning B.) instincts C.) learning D.) reflexes

c

What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly? A.) To comply with legal requirements B.) To identify all the extraneous variables C.) To allow researchers to replicate experiments D.) To explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them

c

What is the Flynn effect? A.) Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. B.) The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups C.) The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation D.) The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation

c

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A.) automatic processing B.) effortful processing C.) memory D.) sensory encoding

c

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? A.) correlation B.) sequential C.) cross-sectional D.) longitudinal

c

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A.) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room. B.) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C.) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. D.) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinfrocement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables.

c

Which founding contributors to psychology helped developed behaviorism? A.) Gestalt and Wundt B.) Freud and Watson C.) Watson and Pavlov D.) Pavlov and Wundt

c

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A.) corneal B.) acoustic C.) optic D.) gustatory

c

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A.) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the da instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B.) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C.) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D.) playing the slot machine

c

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method. A.) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? B.) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? C.) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? D.) What is the relationship between the number of hours of study per week and grade point average?

c

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between two contexts. This is an example of _________. A.) Merkel's theory B.) the law of thermoception C.) the principle of transduction D.) Weber's law

d

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the _________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the __________. A.) cornea; iris B.) fovea; lens C.) iris retina D.) lens; fovea

d

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary, she can't; instead, she can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of _________ interference. A.) retrograde B.) anterograde C.) proactive D.) retroactive

d

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing _________ sleep. A.) night terrors B.) non-REM C.) NREM D.) REM

d

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. A.) deductive reasoning B.) inductive reasoning C.) the experiment D.) the scientific method

d

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that A.) smoking causes lung cancer B.) smoking contributes to lung cancer C.) there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer D.) there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

d

The goals of psychology are to A.) Explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind B.) Understand, compare, and analyze human behavior C.) Improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death. D.) Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

d

The more modern form of psychoanalysis is called the _________ perspective A.) Gestalt B.) Humanistic C.) Eclectic D.) Psychodynamic

d

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. A.) The American Psychology Society B.) The National Institute of Mental Health C.) The Centers for Disease Control D.) The American Psychological Association

d

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The _________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A.) nociception B.) proprioception C.) somatosensation D.) vestibular

d

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows -- the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A.) cones B.) fovea C.) iris D.) rods

d

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A.) Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B.) equipotentiality hypothesis C.) levels of processing theory D.) misinformation effect paradigm

d

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you're easily able to distinguish her from the whiteboard behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _________. A.) binoculary disparity B.) similarity C.) good continuation D.) a figure-ground relationship

d

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A.) dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B.) drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C.) using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D.) using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

d

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A.) deciding that you want to be a parent B.) jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship C.) addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised D.) the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

d

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A.) acquisition B.) learning C.) reinforcement D.) shaping

d

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? A.) bottom-up B.) inside-out C.) outside-in D.) top-down

d

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of _________. A.) a just noticeable difference B.) subliminal message C.) top-down processing D.) transduction

d

_______ are the most common used species for animal research. A.) elephants B.) birds C.) cats and dogs D.) rodents

d