Psychology 1800 Chapter 7

In the study with Little Albert, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus and the rat became the _____.

conditioned stimulus

Which person is clearly part of a diffusion chain?

Delilah, who learned to speak French by listening, and then modeling for Trisha

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of response.

Ratio

Implicit learning ability is not positively correlated with _____ scores and changes little across the lifespan.

IQ

_____ reinforcement increase(s) the likelihood of a behavior happening; _____ punishment decrease(s) the likelihood of the behavior.

Positive and negative; positive and negative

_____ proposed that the cognitive process of expectation occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

Rescorla and Wagner

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that _____ caused the fear responses in Little Albert.

classical conditioning

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of response.

Variable-ratio

B.F. Skinner's three-term contingency refers to:

a discriminative stimulus, a response, and a reinforcer.

Habituation refers to:

a gradual reduction in a response to a repeated stimulus.

Jennifer's cat loves treats. All Jennifer has to do is shake the treat bag and her cat comes running. Her cat will not come running, however, when Jennifer just calls for her. So Jennifer decides to teach her cat to associate the sound of the treat bag with being called so that she will come when she is called. Jennifer has been calling her cat and shaking the treat bag every day for a week but her cat still will not come when just being called. Jennifer probably should not give up her training plan because her cat is still in the _____ phase of learning.

acquisition

The amount that Ivan Pavlov's dogs salivated gradually increased over several trials of pairing the tone with the food. This is because Pavlov's dogs went through the _____ phase of learning.

acquisition

Researchers have discovered a woman who shows no fear responses. It is likely that this woman does NOT have a normally functioning _____.

amygdala

B.F. Skinner found that bar pressing in the Skinner box was not a natural behavior for rats, so he reinforced the rats for approaching the bar, getting closer to the bar, touching the bar, etc. Skinner was reinforcing successive _____ to the desired behavior of bar pressing.

approximations

The last time that Leo went camping, he found a snake in his tent, and he is deathly afraid of snakes. Now, he becomes nervous every time he thinks about camping or watches a movie or television show that involves camping. The conditioned stimulus in this case is:

camping

Classical conditioning has many practical applications, including the relief of food aversions in _____ patients.

cancer

Superstitions can be explained by operant conditioning as mistakenly inferring a(n) _____ relationship between a specific behavior and a reinforcer.

causal

Edward Tolman's means-end relationship and the Rescorla-Wagner model of expectations are similar in that both propose the importance of an internal _____ state.

cognitive

The dependent variable in Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioning was how much the dogs salivated, or engaged in the _____ response.

conditioned

Ariel ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating it. Years later, Ariel still feels queasy when she sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. In this example, the pizza establishment is the _____.

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a conditioned response because of its association with a(n) _____. occurring reaction in an organism.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Compared to _____ schedules of reinforcement, _____ schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

continuous; intermittent

Which behavior is an adaptive response to a learned food aversion?

developing an aversion to the smell or sight of the food

Deidra learns to speak Spanish by listening to a neighbor, and then models the behavior for her younger sister. Deidra is part of a(n) _____ chain.

diffusion

If a person watches someone to learn how to play the violin, and then serves as a model for another student, that person is part of a(n) _____ chain.

diffusion

Bianca learns to speak Italian by listening to her grandmother, and then models the behavior for her best friend, Cecelia. Bianca is part of a _____.

diffusion chain.

Malcom's dog, Razor, gets very excited when he sees his leash because he knows they are going for a walk. Malcolm replaced Razor's old leash with a new one and brings it over to him. Malcom is surprised because Razor does not seem as excited as usual. Razor's response to the new leash is an example of _____ .

discrimination

Neuroimaging studies have found evidence that implicit and explicit learning engages:

distinct brain structures in different ways.

Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

expectation

Just as in classical conditioning, operant behavior will undergo _____ if reinforcement stops.

extinction

Which schedule arranges reinforcement on the basis of time if a response has been made?

fixed-interval

Baxter, a 6-year-old, was recently bitten by his grandmother's bulldog. Baxter sees a different kind of small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry, but he does not cry when he sees a large dog. Baxter's behavior in response to the small dog indicates that he is showing _____, and his behavior in response to the large dog indicates that he is showing _____.

generalization; discrimination

Bandele knows that he cannot show up to class naked even if he does not know when or how he learned this type of information. That is because this type of learning is:

implicit

Because of _____ learning, a person is able to correctly follow rules of grammar or identify culturally important people even though that person is NOT explicitly aware of how he or she learned these things.

implicit

Some patients suffering from Parkinson's disease take prescription drugs that stimulate their dopamine receptors, resulting in _____ behaviors.

impulsive

Some patients suffering from Parkinson's disease take prescriptions that stimulate their dopamine receptors. This results in:

impulsive behaviors.

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the slowest, most methodical response?

interval

If a person learns a statistical technique but does not use it for two semesters, and then successfully uses it, that person may have demonstrated _____ learning.

latent

If a person learns a statistical technique but does not use it for two semesters, and then successfully uses it, that person may have demonstrated:

latent learning

Todd, a 3-year-old, enjoys taking baths and is always willing to get into the bathtub. Todd hates to have his fingernails clipped and will run and hide if he sees a parent with the nail clippers. Edward Thorndike would explain his behaviors using the _____.

law of effect

Xenon does things that make her feel good and avoids things that make her feel bad. Her behaviors are consistent with Edward Thorndike's _____.

law of effect

Newton ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating the pizza. Years later, Newton still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. Newton has developed a(n):

learned food aversion.

Jake can make his sister Joy give him her toys or candy by whistling. She hates the sound so much, Joy will give Jake whatever he wants to make him stop. When Jake stops whistling, it serves as _____ for Joy.

negative reinforcement

Edward Tolman proposed that establishing a stimulus-response relationship was not enough to explain learning. Instead animals learned a(n) _____ relationship.

means-end

Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning does not need to refer to the _____ to explain things.

mind

Joella watches her older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joella then attempts to twirl her pasta in the same way. Joella's older brother is serving as a(n) _____ for Joella.

model

Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.

model

Dwayne hears that there is a threat of rain and brings an umbrella to work. It does rain, and Dwayne is able to avoid getting wet, unlike several of his coworkers who had ignored the weather forecast. The next time Dwayne hears that there is a threat of rain, he is likely to bring an umbrella to work because his behavior has been influenced by:

negative reinforcement.

When learning takes place as a result of imitating a model, it is referred to as _____ learning.

observational

Younger children may learn to do some things at a younger age than did their older siblings because of:

observational learning

Positive punishers weaken behavior, and negative _____ weaken behavior.

punishers

Schedules of _____ are based on the finding that conditioned behaviors often continue or even become strengthened by irregular reinforcement.

reinforcement

Edward Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be _____.

repeated

A rat is foraging in the country for food. On Tuesday, the rat finds food in Farmer Brown's barn. A behaviorist like B.F. Skinner would predict that on Wednesday, the rat would:

return to Farmer Brown's barn.

Based on the principle of _____, a person should be able to pair any neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (CS) and still elicit the conditioned response (CR).

second-order conditioning

Money gains its power to control behavior through: the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together.

second-order conditioning.

A hug is an example of a(n) _____ reinforcer.

secondary

The last time that Etan went camping he found a snake in his tent. He is deathly afraid of snakes. Now, he is nervous every time he thinks about camping or watches a movie or television show that involves camping. The unconditioned stimulus in this case is:

snakes

Neta is training her dog, Panda, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Panda bark. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Panda to bark. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?

the knock on the door

Brendan's instructor wants students in the class to choose a lab partner. Brendan's friends tell him that Angelo is a very trustworthy guy and that he will not slack off during the class. The research on trustworthiness suggests that Brendan will continue to view Angelo as _____ regardless of Angelo's behavior.

trustworthy

Zarita's instructor wants students in the class to choose a lab partner. Zarita's friends tell her that Theo is very trustworthy and that he will not slack off during the class. The research on trustworthiness suggests that Zarita will continue to view Theo as _____ regardless of his behavior.

trustworthy