Psychology 201 - chapter 1

What are some examples of topics social psychologists study?

Differences in how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behaviors of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.

The research method used by Wilhelm Wundt was

introspection

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Who can prescribe their patients medication?

psychiatrists

Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school of psychology:

psychoanalysis

What did William James believe to be the purpose of psychology?

psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world.

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________

social psychology

Which field of study would you enter if you wished to focus on interpersonal attraction?

social psychology

evoluntionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. They thought genetics significantly impact our behavior.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. 1. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." 2. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." 3. The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow." 4. The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence."

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What is the focus of humanism?

They believed everyone had the potential to be good.

Describe functionalism

They focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Also, functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

The first psychology laboratory was established in Germany by

Wilhelm Wundt

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

What role do forensic psychologists play in the justice system?

Will assess a person's competency to stand trial, assess the state of mind of a defendant, act as consultants on child custody cases, consult on sentencing and treatment recommendations, and advise on issues such as eyewitness testimony and children's testimony

The early school of psychology know as functionalism was developed by

William James

Which of the following would not be considered a behaviorist? 1.John Watson 2.William James 3.B. F. Skinner 4.Ivan Pavlov

William James

Who are the two scholars that are considered the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline?

Wundt and James William

What was the major emphasis of Gestalt psychology?

A sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception. In simple terms- making meaning out of what we see.

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? 1. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. 2. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. 3. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. 4. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy.

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ____ trait.

Agreeableness

Compare and contrast the education of clinical psychologists with psychiatrists.

Compare: both can diagnose patients. They both do therapy/psychoanalysis with patients. Contrast: psychiatrists can prescribe meds, clinical psyches cannot.

Compare and contrast clinical psychology and counseling psychology

Compare: · they both work with people with mental disorders. Both hands-on/talk to their patients. Contrast: Clinical deals with extreme mental disorders, ex. bipolar. Whereas counselors deal with every day/ moderate issues. Ex. general anxiety or depression.

Someone who is studying the optimal time to begin 'potty training' is most likely a _______ psychologist.

Developmental

What does sensation and perception refer to?

Experiencing the world through our 5 senses.

When studying personality traits, someone who is outgoing, warm, seeks adventure will score high on the _____ trait.

Extroversion

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individuals basic tendencies.

Five Factor

What is the focus of health psychology?

Focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Side note: Health psychologists might conduct research that explores the relationship between one's genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health.

Cognitive psychology

Focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

Describe Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades.

Describe the focus of cognitive psychology.

Focuses their attention on better understanding the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

What is the focus of behaviorism?

Focusing observing and controlling behavior. Looking at observable behaviors only, and not internal thoughts.

who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

How did Wilhelm Wundt use introspection in an effort to achieve this goal?

He examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible.

Describe industrial-organizational psychology

I.O. psychologists are often involved in issues related to personnel management, organizational structure, and workplace environment.

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

Briefly describe the lack of diversity present in the early history of psychology and how this has begun to change.

It consisted of mostly middle-aged white males. Change began in mid 1890s, Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female in the psychology field but was denied a PHD from Harvard University. Then in 1920, Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States.

How is behaviorism different from other early psychological perspectives, such as structuralism and Gestalt psychology?

It looks at physical behaviors rather than mental/internal behaviors.

Founder of behaviorism?

John Watson

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

When studying personality traits, someone who is anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions will score high on the ____ trait.

Neuroticism

A psychologist studying why some people are extroverted while others are introverted is probably a: 1.Social psychologist 2.Personality psychologist 3.Developmental psychologist 4.Humanistic psychologist

Personality psychologist

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner Box

List some of the career options psychologists have with a bachelor's degree.

Social work, human resources, Insurance, nursing, marketing, management positions, sales, finance.

What do developmental psychologists study?

Study a development over a life time. They also focus on cognitive skills - ex. moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes.

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? 1. Structuralism was parsimonious. 2. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. 3. The process was highly subjective. 4. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

The process was highly subjective.

Psychoanalysis

This involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves, while not invented by Freud, was certainly popularized by him and is still used today.

Describe structuralism

Understanding our conscious thoughts through introspection.

Dr. Felon believes that by rewarding good behavior, criminals can be rehabilitated. This demonstrates the: 1.behavioral perspective 2.psychodynamic approach 3.social-cultural approach 4.humanistic perspective

behavioral perspective

Psychologists who assess and treat people with psychological disorders are _____ psychologists.

clinical

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? 1. clinical psychology 2. counseling psychology 3. cognitive psychology 4. social psychology

clinical psychology

Dr. Rook studies the moves of chess masters to learn how people process information. This demonstrates the:

cognitive approach

Jim conducts basic research on the relationship between language skills and math skills. He is

cognitive psychologist

Dr. Lipton works with people who are dealing with common issues such as grief and relationship problems. She is a:

counseling psychologist

Bob conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes over time. He is a:

developmental psychologist

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? 1. the use of introspection of ones own experiences 2. interviews with research participants 3. examination of existing archives and records 4. examination of anatomy and physiology

examination of anatomy and physiology

An early school of psychology that focused on how we perceive the world in terms of "wholes" rather than parts. 1.behaviorism 2.gestalt 3.functionalism 4.structuralism

gestalt

What is the focus of personality psychology?

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Humanistic psychology emphasizes 1.memory & problem solving 2.free will and self determination 3.the role of the subconscious 4.reinforcement and punishment

free will and self determination

What was William James' perspective known as?

functionalism

Behavioral psychologists focus on: 1.unconscious drives 2.free will and self determination 3.observable acts 4.problem solving and memory

observable acts

When studying personality traits, someone who is Curious, wide range of interests, and independent will score high on the _____ trait.

openness

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.

postdoctoral

Psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

What is the correct ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior. More specifically, they studied how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior.

What do sport and exercise psychologists study?

study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Carl Roger's client-centered therapy is an example of: 1.the psychoanalytic perspective 2.the humanist perspective 3.the cognitive perspective 4.the evolutionary perspective

the humanist perspective

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

What did Wilhelm Wundt believe to be the goal of psychology?

to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience.

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? 1. what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women. 2. whether culture influences perception 3. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese 4. how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

What degrees are typically required of psychologists?

will have to earn a doctoral degree in psychology for some specialties and at least a master's degree for others.