Psychology 201 Chapter 9
naturalistic observation
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home
zygote
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
Abstract logic Moral reasoning
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. What does this exemplify?
Accommodation
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
identity vs. confusion
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs despair
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developemental task of this stage.
integrity vs. despair
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
One-year-old Albert learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Albert sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" What does this exemplify?
Assimilation
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? A Confirming one's sexual orientation B Developing a positive sense of self C Controlling the id D Developing a secure attachment to a caregiver
B Developing a positive sense of self
Which of the following explains the primary purpose of hospice? A Monitoring medical treatment for premature babies B Facilitating a dignified and peaceful death C Ensuring that loved ones visit a dying patient D Allowing women to deliver their babies at home
B Facilitating a dignified and peaceful death
Tanya can name colors and numbers and is able to catch a ball. However, she does not use full sentences or speak clearly yet. Assuming that Tanya reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Tanya? A Five B Four C Two D Three
B Four
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? A Stranger anxiety B Moral reasoning C Pretend play D Conservation
B Moral reasoning
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. A naturalistic observations B developmental milestones C cognitive developments D psychosexual stages
B developmental milestones
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. A in late adolescence B during early childhood C during puberty D in utero
B during early childhood
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. A related to language acquisition B universal C dramatic D culturally specific
B universal
gross
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of _________ motor skills.
trust vs. mistrust
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality?
Both types of sexuality involve loving another person
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. A Security B Regard C Attachment D Nourishment
C Attachment
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? A Permissive B Disorganized C Authoritative D Authoritarian
C Authoritative
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive to her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? A Secure B Resistant C Avoidant D Disorganized
C Avoidant
After age 65, many people reflect on their lives and contributions. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task during this stage of life? A Generativity versus stagnation B Initiative versus guilt C Integrity versus despair D Identity versus role confusion
C Integrity versus despair
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. A Cognitive B Manipulative C Motor D Biological
C Motor
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage? A Fine motor skills development B Egocentrism C Stranger anxiety D Pretend play
C Stranger anxiety
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature. A The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis." B The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." C The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched. D The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological."
C The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for infants? A Autonomy versus shame/doubt B Generativity versus stagnation C Trust versus mistrust D Intimacy versus isolation
C Trust versus mistrust
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? A Who decided what constituted normal development? B What do people think about development? C What is normal development? D What is biological about development?
C What is normal development?
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. A diagnosed with ADHD B separated from their parents C abused D born addicted to cocaine
C abused
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. A quiet, shy, and humble B disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy C anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy D creative, moody, and flexible
C anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Late maturing boys are ________. A less likely to experience conflict with parents B less likely to participate in high school athletics C at a higher risk of depression D more likely to participate in extracirricular activities
C at a higher risk of depression
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the embryo or fetus. A mutagen B contaminant C teratogen D zygote
C teratogen
A(n) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A protean B placenta C zygote D embryo
C zygote
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
permissive
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Children begin to use language
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Children begin to use language.
concrete operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
abused
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ______
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
What does the concept conservation refer to?
Cognitive Theory of Development
What stage of development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?
Cognitive development
During what stage do children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations?
Concrete operational
Stephanie has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a mug. She then pours it from the mug back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
Conservation
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
Conservation Mathematical transformations
Pre- conventional
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral developement does this exemplify?
survey method
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
What is the best alternative to punishment?
Express parental expectations clearly, concisely, and specifically.
stranger anxiety
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
preoperational
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
During the elementary school stage (ages 7-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Industry vs.inferiority
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Initiative vs. guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Integrity vs.despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Intimacy vs. isolation
resistant
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
egocentrism
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of lighting McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Car his mother does too. What does this exemplify?
disorganized
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized attachment
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
at a higher risk of depression
Late maturing boys are ________.
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
avoidant
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
What parenting style do most parents fall under?
Most parents are a combination of several different styles and not just one.
conservation
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
During what Jean Piaget stage is the world experienced through senses and actions?
Sensorimotor
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
Should Louisa be worried?
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Sigmund Freud
during early childhood
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops _______.
during early childhood
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
Moro reflex
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
developemental milestones
Specific normative events are also called_________.
culturally specific
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
A knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
The concept conservation refers to ________
cumulative process
The continuous developement approach views developement as a ______________.
cumulative process
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
What is parenting?
The general pattern of behaviors that a parent uses to raise his or her children.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
discontinous
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Trust vs. mistrust
secure
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
What do stage theories believe about the sequence of development?
Universal
Biology and genes
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
What is normal development?
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
What is normal development?
developing a positive sense of self
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Generativity vs. stagnation
fine
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
teratogens
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________
What is our ego identity?
How we interact with each other is what affects our sense of self
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Identity vs. confusion
postformal
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts
postformal
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
In ___________ thinking, decisons are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
case study
In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan
Tristian's parents pay little attention to him. They rarely monitor what he is doing, especially now that he is a teenager. For his birthdays, they never had a celebration and usually bought him a few inexpensive gifts. Tristian's parents are best categorized as having a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
Matilda's behavior is immature for her age, and she has tantrums or asks for help whenever she encounters even slight difficulties. Matilda's parents most likely have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Silas expects his son Cole to follow his rules without talking back to him. If Cole asks why he must do something, Silas responds, "Because I said so." Diana Baumrind would characterize Silas's parenting style as
authoritative.
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
From the time she was born until the age of four months, Tabitha has been irregular and irritable in her style and frequency of expressing needs and emotions. Tabitha could best be described as a(n) _____ baby.
avoidant
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval
The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.
basolateral nucleus
Trust vs. Mistrust
between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.
biological:social
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
biology and genetics
________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.
bisexual
In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.
case study
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Prader-Willi syndrome is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems.
change the name "Prader-Willi syndrome" to the name "Autism Spectrum Disorder"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to the Schachter-Singer law, simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, and complex tasks are performed best when arousal is low.
change the phrase "Schachter-Singer" to the phrase "Yerkes-Dodson"
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
Jack, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
con't
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
concrete operational
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
concrete operational
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
conservation
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
J.J. knows that his friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers him, but he knows that if he tells the teacher everyone will think he is a snitch. He decides his friends' approval is more important, so he says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional morality
How does the continuous development approach view development as?
cumulative process
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
The continuous development approach views development as a __________.
cumulative process
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
developing a positive sense of self
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
What are crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty all examples of?
developmental milestones
What is another name for specific normative events?
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinous
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
According to Sigmund Freud, when does he believe personality develops?
early childhood
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
The culture display rule is one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of ________ that are acceptable.
emotion
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
emotion, mood
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
esteem
Which of the following are examples of the social level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
family and friendship
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
others have false beliefs
When children develop theory- of- mind, they can recognize that __________.
others have false beliefs
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
In what stage can children use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions?
formal operational stage
Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?
four
Generativity vs. Stagnation
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
achievement gap
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
Children begin to use language.
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
children begin to use language
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
conservation
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
conservation
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
moral reasoning
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
Stranger anxiety
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?
schemata
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
psychosocial
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Physical
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
cognitive
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
attachment
________ is a long- standing connection or bond with others
attachment
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others
motor
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
schemata
_________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
physical
_____________ developement involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
psychosocial
_________developement involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is __________.
universal
During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.
vocabulary spurt
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
what is normal development
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
younger average age for marriage
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
fine
grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of _______ motor skills
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
gross
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs inferiority
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
moral reasoning
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
moro reflex
_______ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.
motivation
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
motor
Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.
obese
Julie is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Julie wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Julie is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
operational
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
others have false beliefs
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
What are the four types of parenting styles?
- Authoritarian - Authoritative - Indulgent - Uninvolved
What is A.C.T. and what does is stand for?
- It used for addressing and issue with a child. - A: acknowledge feelings - C: communicate limits - "one of our rules is..." - T: target to choices - "you either do your homework or you dont go out on the weekend."
What are some characteristics of indulgent/permissive parents?
- Kids refer to their parents as their best friends. - They are more responsive than demanding. - They do not require mature behavior. - They avoid confrontation: they believe it is easier to just let them do it. - They have a lot of love but set low limits. - They are very nurturing. - Do not have a lot of structure. - They let their kids make the decisions.
How can you gradually help parents change their parenting style?
- Parents can be helped to move from either extreme toward authoritative parenting - Teaching skills: - Reasoning: how to deal with the child - Behavior modification: holding privaleges or rewarding good behavior - Ignoring (be consistent): ignore little things, dont sweat the small stuff - natural/logical consequences: natural would be to let them sit in their wet pants if you are potty training them, logical would be to let them take back what they stole from the store and apologize - Time-out (1 min. per year of age)
naturalistic observation
A developemental psychologist might use _______to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
What are some characteristics of Authoritative parents?
- They are both demanding and responsive. - Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. - They are more open to give and take with their children and make greater use of explanations (happy to tell you why). - They are equally high in behavioral control as authoritarian parents. - Can be democratic or balanced: have a lot of love and set high limits. - They have a lot of structure.
What are some characteristics of uninvolved/neglectful parents?
- They are neither responsive nor demanding - They have low love and set low limits - Have little structure and a few rules if any - they are overwhelmed by their own personal problems - have little interest and little obedience
What are some characteristics of authoritarian parents?
- They are very structures with very little give and take. - They are highly demanding and directive, not responsive. - They say, "Because I said so." - They are rigid and give a lot of direction. - They expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation. - They expect their children to accept their judgments, values, and goals without questioning. - Some are loving, have variable love, and set high limits.
What are some good discipline choices for a child age 1-2?
- change direction - avoid temptation - remove from the activity - encouragement
Children of uninvolved parents tend to be what?
- disobedient - demanding - low in self control - low in tolerance for frustration - lacking in long term goals
What are some good discipline choices for a child age 12-18?
- encouragement - natural and logical consequences - A C T - give and take - handshake on it!
What are some good discipline choices for a child age 5-12?
- encouragement - time out - natural and logical consequences - A C T - give and take
Children of authoritative parents tend to be what?
- happy - self-confident - curious - independent - likable - respectful of others - successful in school
What are some positive parenting skills?
- open communication: talk to the kid - problem-solving skills: help guide the kid toward solution - limit-setting (applying boundaries): has to begin very early, and is very difficult to do because babies are so cute - setting high expectations: if you dont the kid doesnt have any incentive to do good - promoting self-efficacy: dont do anything for them
Children of permissive parents tend to be what?
- receive so little guidance - they dont know if they are doing the right thing - are selfish - unmotivated - dependent on others - demanding of attention - disobedient: they do as they please - impulsive: they act on many thoughts - They children are the most unhappy
What are some good discipline choices for a child age 2-5?
- remove from the activity - encouragement - time out - natural and logical consequences - A C T
What are some alternatives to punishment?
- show ways to help - express parental feeling strongly - state parental expectations clearly, concisely, and specifically - show the child how to make amends - give the child a choice if possible - take action to enforce boundaries - problem-solve - let the child experience consequences
Children of Authoritarian parents tend to be what?
- unhappy - anxious - low in self-confidence - lacking initiative - dependent on others - lacking in social skills and altruistic behaviors - coercive in dealing with others: they force you to go along with them - defiant: in the school setting - are strictly affected by punishment and guilt so they are concerned about what their parents will think of them
accomodation
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
What does nature refer to in the nature versus nurture debate? A Genes and biology B Language acquisition C Environment and culture D Cognitive capacity
A Genes and biology
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A Permissive B Freudian C Authoritative D Authoritarian
A Permissive
_________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A Phsycial B Psychosocial C Cognitive D Learning
A Phsycial
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? A Preoperational B Concrete operational C Formal operational D Sensorimotor
A Preoperational
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Raj. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. Which of the following does this situation illustrate? A The Moro reflex B Egocentrism C A rooting reflex D Preoperational stage
A The Moro reflex
The continuous development approach views development as a ________. A cumulative process B unique progress C series of accidents D biological imperative
A cumulative process
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. A others have beliefs that are different from one's own B what goes up must come down C a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt D hidden objects are still there
A others have beliefs that are different from one's own
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. A postformal B formal operational C concrete operational D sensorimotor
A postformal
developmental milestones
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
At 18 months, Gordon learned the schema for apples. One day, when Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food is a tomato, not an apple. Gordon now modifies his schema for apples and forms a new one for tomatoes. Which of the following does this situation illustrate? A Assimilation B Exclusion C Inclusion D Accommodation
D Accommodation
According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, what are the five stages of grief? A Anger, sadness, acceptance, anxiety, and relief B Denial, sadness, anger, depression, and acceptance C Confusion, sadness, bargaining, acceptance, and peace D Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
D Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? A Abraham Maslow B Jean Piaget C Lawrence Kohlberg D Erik Erikson
D Erik Erikson
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A formal operational B preoperational C sensorimotor D concrete operational
D concrete operational
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. A progressive B regressive C continuous D discontinuous
D discontinuous
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. A sensorimotor B concrete operational C formal operational D preoperational
D preoperational
four
Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?
sensorimotor
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
concrete operational
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
vocabulary spurt
During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.
identity vs. confusion
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
Early maturing girls are ________.
sense of self
Ego identity is our ________.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
assimilation
One-year- old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks becasue his famliy has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on tv, shes says, "Look, mommy, truck!" This exemplifies _________.
assimilation
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
intimacy vs. isolation
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
During what stage do children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning?
Preoperational
object permanence
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
younger average age for marriage
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
authoritative
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
conservation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Erik Erikson
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
a habit
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
abused
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies
accomodation
preoperational
according to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
When Corey's mother leaves him alone in the Strange Situation, he does not appear distressed. When she returns, he does not seem to care about reuniting with her. Corey appears to be displaying a(n) _____ attachment.
anxious secure
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Professor Morooka works 60 hours a week for 9 months of the year. During this time he longs for a break. When he finally gets a break, he misses the sense of accomplishment he feels when he is working. ________ theory suggests that this is because there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain.
arousal
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimilation
Early maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of delinquency
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
Early maturing girls are ________.
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs guilt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.
intrinsic
The concept conservation refers to ________.
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
In what type of thinking are decisions made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts?
postformal thinking
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
Noah decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational stage
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
surveys
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
schemata
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.
self-effiicacy
Ego identity is our ________.
sense of self
Ego identity is our __________.
sense of self
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?
set point
universal
stage theories hold that the sequence of developement is _____.
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Nicholas takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?
stranger anxiety
a. fine motor skills development
stranger anxiety
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen