Psychology 2080 ch 1-3 notes

What is emotional regulation?

-LEOs are expected to constantly switch between a more human response and the control of emotional expression because sometimes a more "human" response is desired, as when an officer must inform people of the death of a loved one

What is concurrent validity?

-the degree to which a tests or an inventory identifies a person's current performance on the dimensions and tasks the test is supposed to measure - does the measure identify someone's current performance?

What public safety concerns are associated with Police psychology ?

deputy sheriffs, fish and wildlife agents, airport security, immigration agents, marshals, constables, military personnel, private contractors, and many other types of state and federal agents

The goal of profiling is to predict who will commit a crime. true or false

false

The strongest reason for police suicide involves post-shooting traumatic reactions. true or false

false

Who studies the behavior of humans, and use that knowledge in the legal system ?

Forensic psychologists

Where would a forensic psychologist find the principles and standards for ethical practices? a.Black's Law Dictionary b.The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct c.The Journal of Forensic Psychology d.Clinician's Handbook of Psychological Behavior

The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

Which forensic psychology subspecialty would be concerned with visitation rights for a same-sex couple who were not legally married? a.family forensic b.correctional c.forensic school d.police and public safety

family forensic

What is profiling?

is a technique that tries to identify the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and demographic characteristics of a person based on information gathered from a wide range of sources

do u need a degree to work in the field of forensic psychology?

no

What is a Companion officer?

preferably a trusted colleague who also has been through an officer-involved shooting

What is investigative psychology (IP)?

refers to a scientific approach designed to improve our understanding of criminal behavior and the investigative process

What is dissertation?

refers to a substantial paper based on the PhD candidate's original research, which should make a significant contribution to the research literature

What should juvenile corrections focus on?

rehabilitation- assessment and treatment strategies are vital

What is an example of using the Rapport and Relationship building technique?

show kindness and respect

What is forensic psychology?

the production of psychological knowledge and its application to the civil and criminal justice systems, also gathering info, use it in court cases/ legal proceedings

Why do prisoners take hostages?

usually take hostages to protest conditions within the correctional facility

When are interrogations most often initiated?

when there is weak or incomplete evidence against the suspect

What broad definition did Speciality Guidelines for Forensic Psychology ( American Psychological Association) promote?

"Forensic psychology refers to professional practice by any psychologist working within any sub-disipline of psychology (e.g., clinical, development, social, cognitive) when applying the scientific. technical, or specialized knowledge of psychology to the law to assist in addressing legal, contractual, and administrative matters"

What was Roesch narrow definition of forensic psychology?

"Most psychologist define the area more narrowly to refer to clinical psychologists who are engaged in clinical practice within the legal system"

What was Bartol and Bartol (1987) broad definition of forensic psychology?

"We view forensic psychology broadly, as both the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior directly related to the legal process... and the professional practice of psychology within, or in consultation with, a legal system that embraces both civil and criminal law"

What are the 3 board terms of investigative psychology (IP)?

(1) Nature of offender behavior (2) Social psychology of group crime and terrorism (3) Cognitive psychology of investigative decision making by law enforcement investigators

What did Martin Reiser do for the LAPD and psychology?

- 1968, Reiser advised negotiations at hostage standoffs, began debriefing for LEOs involved in shootings, trained field servants to spot early signs of stress -developed high-profile cases such as hillside

What is a sequential lineup?

- A live or photo lineup in which a witness views individuals in a series, requiring the witness to decide on whether to identify one individual before moving on to another

The Defense Personnel Security Research Center (PERSEREC) conducted one of the most extensive studies on the ability of personality measures to predict police corruption and misconduct. The few personality inventories that had any success tended to indicate that those officers who engaged in misconduct or corruption during their careers not surprisingly had more of what characteristics?

- Difficulty getting along with others - Delinquent or problem histories in their police careers - Indications of maladjustment, immaturity, irresponsibility, or unreliability -the study found that the single best predictor of corruption was not a personality measure administered prior to hire, but rather misconduct on the job after employment had begun and usually relatively early in the officer's career.

What are examples of excessive force used against civilians ?

- March 2020, Breonna Taylor fatally shot in her home by police executing a no-knock search warrant - march 2020, George Floyd died after Derek Chauvin put his knee on Floyd's neck for 9 mins, ignoring Floyd's cry

Just because measures are commonly used does not mean they are the best measures. Also, some police psychologists are using measures specifically designed for pre-employment screening for LEOs. What are some of these test statistics ?

- Matrix-predictive uniform law enforcement selection evaluation (m-pulse) -alternative test must be validated for use in LEO selection procedures -face validity is fairly easy to achieve, but that does not mean it has good predictive validity

The acronym PEACE stands for:

- Planning and Preparation - Engage and Explain - Account - Closure - Evaluation

What are psychological intervention activities ?

- Police psychologists also offer support to individual officers, their colleagues and families, and the police organization itself. Primary examples are stress management, dealing with post-traumatic stress from shooting incidents, and preventing police suicide.

The National Institute of Justice released a report summarizing what is known about police use of force. What did the report find?

- Police use force infrequently. -Police use of force typically occurs at the lower end of the force spectrum, involving grabbing, pushing, or shoving. - Use of force typically occurs when police are trying to make an arrest and the suspect is resisting.

What are some common misconceptions of profiling?

- Profilers make predictions or assumptions about an offender's personality -reality: these assumptions would lack reliability and validity - Crime scene profiling is an established scientific enterprise -reality:still in its infancy, scientifically speaking

What factors may result in Police suicide?

- Psychological reactions to critical incidents - Relationship difficulties - Internal investigations - Financial difficulties - Frustration and discouragement - Easy access to weapons -Alcohol abuse may play a prominent role in suicide risks for police officers, and it has been suggested that rigid cognitive thinking may also be a significant factor

according to Finn and Tomz(1997), what is the most common sources of spousal stress?

- Shift work and overtime - An officer's cynicism, need to feel in control at home, or inability or unwillingness to express feelings - The fear that the officer will be hurt or killed - The officer's and other people's excessively high expectations of their children - Avoidance, teasing, or harassment of children because of their parent's job - The presence of a gun in the home

What are examples of threats or nonfatal force?

- Threatening to use force - Handcuffing - Pushing, grabbing, hitting, or kicking - Using a chemical or pepper spray - Using an electroshock weapon - Pointing a gun - Using some other type of force (such as threatening to arrest)

What are the correctional psychology statistics?

- US imprisons a greater proportion of its population than any other country - 2021, we imprisoned 639 of our citizens for every 100,000 people -prison systems generates $74 billion a year

What are the effects of alcohol and drugs used by eyewitnesses?

- While we know that drugs and alcohol can impair memory performance generally, there is little research on the effects of intoxication on eyewitness reliability. This is surprising, considering how often LEOs interview eyewitnesses who are intoxicated -Law enforcement officers in the United States estimate that approximately 18% of witnesses are under the influence of marijuana, whereas 24% are under the influence of multiple substances

What is an example of a suggestive question a LEO might ask a witness?

- a police officer may have heard another witness mention an unusual tattoo on the neck of the suspect. The officer may then ask another witness, "What color was the tattoo on his neck?" Even if the witness did not notice the tattoo at the time, they are apt to include the tattoo in their later description of the suspect

What is correctional psychology ?

- a vibrant branch of forensic psychology, broadly defined, and one in which multiple career opportunities are available

What is a Fitness for Duty Evaluation (FFDE)?

- after an LEO faces a dramatic event or a personal situation effecting them that can have strong emotional and psychological reaction, a LEO may be required to be evaluated for their fitness of duty -FFDE can be mandated after critical incident such as a fatal shooting -an FFDE may also be required if an officer has exhibited concerning behaviors such as: - harassing or abusing a citizen with a firearm, displaying wide variations in mood and irritability while on duty, talk of committing suicide, or being unreliable in completing assigned tasks -changes in on-the-job behavior

What is pre-employment and post-offer psychological evaluations ?

- at least 38 states mandate psychological evaluations for police officers -usually include personality measure and interviews -make sure candidates do not have mental or emotional issues that would interfere with jobs -can also catch risky behaviors, personal/ interpersonal aspects that would make them unsuitable as a police officer

What is emotional dissonance?

-cause of surface acting -Increasing evidence supports the view that emotional dissonance has detrimental effects on health and well-being.

What are the gender and Racial/ethic issues of police psychology?

- before 1970s, may police departments do not hire non-whites -female officers were often restricted to specified duties, processing female arrestees, interviewing child witnesses -In the federal system, across many law enforcement agencies, people of color made up one third of officers with arrest and firearm authority in 2016. -ethnic and racial groups are better represented in law enforcement than are women. -common perception that policing is a male-oriented professions, requiring physical strength and display of physical prowess

What is role conflict?

- can cause task-related stress -such as being at once an enforcer of the law, a social worker, a counselor, and a public servant -increasing interaction with people who are mentally ill; requires special skills

What psychological, neurological, and physical symptoms in responding officers can critical incidents cause ?

- confusion, disorientation, chest pain, sweating, rapid heart rate and loss of memory - delayed symptoms include, restlessness, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, nightmares, irritability, depression, problems in concentration, and misuse of alcohol or illegal substances

how has imprisonments decreased in recent years?

- deckines in recent years have been very small- 1.7% in 2013, 2% in 2010, and .9% in 2016 - despite decrease in crime , the number of people in correctional supervision in not decreasing comparably

Why is law enforcement unique?

- face very hostile or dangerous situations -also in a position of authority; power to create, display, and maintain authority

What is the goal of suicide psychological autopsy (SPA)?

- identify and understand the psychosocial factors that contributed to the suicide. In this case, suicide has been established (e.g., witnesses may have seen the person shooting themself), but the person conducting the autopsy must try to discern the reasons why they did this.

What are the statistics concerning mental health in prisons?

- increasing number of people with mental health problems in prisons - research shows mental health treatment improves outcomes for prisoners -private prisons tend not to offer these services

What does the doctoral level of psychology intel?

- long been considered the entry-level credential for the independent practice of psychology -The PhD degree (doctor of philosophy)requires dissertation and is well accepted in the academic world as appropriate preparation for scientists and scholars

What is a forensic social worker?

- may counsel victims of crimes or families of victims and offenders and provide substance abuse and sex offender treatment to offenders, among other functions. In many correction facilities, social workers are part of the treatment team. - may be found participating in child custody evaluations termination of parental rights, spousal abuse cases, and juvenile justice and adult corrections -application of social work principles to questions and issues relating to law and legal systems

Why are eyewitness identification unreliable?

- over the past 100 years, a flood of research has shown repeatedly that memory can be unreliable, and affected by a number of factors -Simons and Chabris (2011), nearly 40% of these surveyed believed that the testimony of a single confident eyewitness should be enough to convict a criminal defendant -approximately 1 out of every 4 witnesses shown a lineup selected the wrong person -they are often mistaken about details, and may even add erroneous information -as of 2020, 367 people have been exonerated by DNA evidence, including 21 who were on death row. 69% of the cases involved eyewitness misidentification

what is Reconstructive psychological evaluation (RPE), or Equivocal death analysis (EDA)?

- postmortem psychological -The EDA, or the equivocal death psychological autopsy (EDPA), is usually reserved for those investigations conducted by law enforcement officials, especially the FBI, who primarily examine the crime scene material and other information directly available to the police.

What does the FFDE usually include?

- psychological measures used, conclusion regarding determination of FFDE, description of functional limitations of officer

How do psychologist develop a concurrently valid inventory?

- psychologists should perform personality assessment of current officers who are considered particularly good at their jobs, and compare differences between the two -ultimately , we are looking for candidates who have similar results to the successful officers

What aspects of police work can lead to stress?

- shift work, exposure to violence, suffering, and tragedy, etc. -greater level of public scrutiny -policing communities who have very low levels of trust in law enforcement

Police officers tend to develop and maintain an occupational culture that values control, authority, solidarity and isolation. Law enforcement has often been characterized as highly structured, paramilitary, tight knit, and bureaucratic. What ways do they develop an occupational culture?

- some are strictly by the book whereas some may be flexible in interpreting departmental procedures and policies -coping mechanism inherent in police culture are often critical to handling a very stressful work environment -may be "subcultures", some officers adopting a different style of policing from that of others - influenced a greater number of people - police culture may vary

What did Cattel's experiment conclude?

- some were confident regardless of whether they were correct; others were always insecure, even when they were right -level of accuracy is low

What are some recommendations for students trying to obtain a doctoral level of training in forensic psychology?

- substantive psychology - research design/ mythology and statistics degree - conducting research in preparation for doctoral dissertation or thesis -legal knowledge -law-psychology knowledge (scientific testimony, assessment measures, treatment of offender) -ethics and professional issues -clinical -forensic training in supervision -formal programs -state licensure -board certification

What are examples of violent victimization of children?

- terrifying abductions, school shootings, and sexual attacks, can disrupt the course of child development in very fundamental ways and can be associated with emotional and cognitive problems over the course of the life span

What is predictive validity?

- the degree to which an inventory or test predicts a person's subsequent performance on the dimensions or attributes the inventory (or tests) is deigned to measure -in other words, an instrument has predictive validity if it is able to identify which candidates will and will not succeed at law enforcement work -how well does measure predict someone's future performance? -exceedingly valuable but difficult to asses, officers would have to be followed over long -term

How is eyewitness evidence gathered ?

- the identification of suspects b y victims and witnesses begins assign after the offense as possible -obtain verbal descriptions of the perps or show photographs to obtain a preliminary identification

What is the commonly used inventories in police screening?

- the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-revised (MMPI-2) and MMPI-3 -The Inward Personality Inventory (IPI) and IPI2 -The California Psychological Inventory (CPI 260 and CPI 434) -The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) -The NEO Personality Inventory- Revised (NEO PI-R) -The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire- Fifth Edition (16-PF) - in addition to these six, a restructured version old the MMPI- the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)

What are examples of victimization in adults?

- there is strong evidence that the effects of criminal victimization such as assault , robbery, and burglary are both pervasive and persistent

what is joint-degree training ?

- they earn both a PhD and Juris Doctor degree in law (JD) at the same time or associated institution - some get a PhD and master's degree in legal studies (MLS) -don't need specific forensic degree -many graduate programs in other areas (clinical, counseling, etc.) have forensic concentrations - many psychologist recommend a broad background in psychology obtained by a clinical or counseling degree

What are the IACP's Recommendations for psychologists conducting the FFDE?

- to include performance evaluations, commendations, testimonials, reports of any internal affairs investigation, pre-employment psychological screening, formal citizen/ public complaints, use-of-force incidents, officer-involved shootings, civil claims, disciplinary actions, incident reports of any triggering events, medical/psychological treatment records, or other supporting or relevant documentation related to the officers's psychological fitness for duty. -recommends that only personality, psychopathology, cognitive, and specialized tests that have been validated be used in the assessment process

What do screening in procedures do?

- try to identify attributes that will contribute to successful policing. -it is hoped that police psychologists would be able to rank order candidates, but there is little evidence to suggest that they have reached this

What is Equivocal death?

- where the manner of death is unknown or undermined -believed that about 5% to 20% of all deaths are equivocal

Why is face validity important?

- while appearances may be deceiving - the measure may seem to be valid, but not hold up to scientific scrutiny - this type of validity is still important -job applicants are most likely to take measures seriously -Judges, lawyers, jurors, mostly likely to have faith in measure

What is psychological profiling?

-- refers primarily to gathering information - usually on a known individual or individuals who pose a threat or who are believed to be dangerous -the identity of the individual is unknown, but the person has made a clear threat to do harm to some specified target, such as by sending an anonymous letter. -The target may be a person, a group, an organization, or an institution. -Psychological profiling in this context is also used to assess the risk that someone will be violent in the future, even though they may not have made an explicit threat.

What is suspect-based profiling?

-- the systematic collection of behavioral, personality, cognitive, and demographic data on previous offenders -The typical suspect-based profile summarizes the psychological features of persons who may commit a crime based on characteristics of past offenders. The profile should provide a description of people from various offender groups. - If I'm driving a car known to have multiple hiding spots in a known drug corridor, I might be smuggling drugs.

About how many people are shot and killed by police officers?

-1,000 people each year.

how has family changed over the past 20 years?

-2000 cents- major increase of cohabiting, single parent, and grandparent-led families, increase in families formed by gay and lesbian parents and their kids -2007, CDC reported 39.7% of all births in US were to single mothers

What is the PEACE model?

-A method of information gathering where the interviewer is encouraged to establish rapport and use open-ended question -In this approach, police use the interview to gather evidence and information rather than to obtain a confession. -They are told not to focus on the nonverbal behavior of the person being interviewed—such as signs of anxiety. -Interestingly, they are not allowed to bluff or suggest that they have evidence that they do not have

What is the information-gathering approach in interrogation?

-AKA investigative interviewing -A method of police interviewing and interrogation that does not presume guilt on the part of the person being questioned , but rather seeks to obtain information about events surrounding a crime. -This approach is designed for investigators to take a more neutral role by probing the suspect's knowledge through open-ended questions (in contrast to the yes/no questions) and a more informal conversational style.

In what ways has the psychology workforce become more diverse?

-APA fellowship program- provides Assistance to underrepresented cultural groups; helps with professional goals; services to diverse communities - increasing number of minority children / psychologists, increase better diverse groups - many immigrants fear for their safety of relatives and friends facing persecution of violence in other country

How are female officers better than male officers in the police department

-Accumulating research indicates that the style of law enforcement used by women as a group may be more effective than the policing styles employed by men as a group. -female officers may be better at defusing situations; less likely to be accused of excessive force; better communication/ social skills

What is reconstructive theory of memory?

-Bartlett (1932) - memory recall is subject to distortion by other intervening cognitive functions, such as individual perceptions, social influences, beliefs, and new knowledge, all of which have the potential to promote errors and distortions in recall -own bias influence what you recall -potential to promote errors/distortions in recall -confidence has nothing to do with memory - we tend to lack information about the process involved with memory, leading us to have more faith in memory than we should

What is composition bias?

-Characteristics of a police lineup that unfairly encourages a witness to identify the suspect in custody -Live lineup members in particular should fit the description the witness gave police. In other words, they should have similar characteristics—such as age, height, physical stature, race, hairstyle, and facial hair—that were included in the original witness description, if not composition bias can occur

How good are we at identifying faces?

-Courts—particularly criminal courts—rely heavily on eyewitness recognition as critical evidence. Unfortunately, a robust collection of evidence shows that our ability to accurately recognize the face of a person we don't know is a complex process riddled with errors.

Which line up is more accurate? Sequential or simultaneous?

-Early studies indicated that the sequential lineup demonstrated a large accuracy advantage over the simultaneous lineup. However, later studies, beginning in 2012, began to show that simultaneous lineups may be more accurate. This is still an open question. -Regardless of which method is used, we must keep in mind all the previously mentioned problems with eyewitness identification (e.g., identifying a face, the fallibility of memory, cross-race effect).

What are some examples of Estimator variables ?

-Examples include stress levels experienced by the witness during the crime, the distance between the witness and the crime scene, the viewing conditions (weather conditions, day or night), cross-race identifications, and the length of time during which the witness observed the offender.

What is the cognitive interview?

-Eyewitness information is more likely to be accurate when LEOs use this method -a method that utilizes memory retrieval and communication techniques aimed at increasing the amount of accurate information, particularly from witnesses, informants, and victims

how does Geographical profiling help in crimes?

-Geographical profiling helps to identify where an offender probably lives, or where the next crime might be committed by an unknown offender, based on the location and spatial relationships among various crime sites. -The geoprofiler is usually asked to contribute when a series of crimes are occurring and the primary suspect is believed to be one person or a small group.

Why are psychological autopsies conducted?

-In most instances, the psychological autopsy is done for insurance purposes. Although some insurance policies do compensate the family if the death is determined to be suicide, many policies do not.

What is dispatcher information?

-Information provided to officers by dispatchers is extremely critical in situations that may be ambiguous. -Johnson et al. (2018) used three laboratory studies to test how dispatch information and police experience affected the decision to shoot. - giving incorrect dispatch info increased likelihood participants mistakenly shot unarmed men

What are suggestive questions in investigations?

-Investigators are not memory researchers. -Unfortunately, LEOs may not be aware of how their questioning can lead to inaccurate memories. This is especially true when their questions are leading or suggestive. a police officer may have heard another witness mention an unusual tattoo on the neck of the suspect. The officer may then ask another witness, "What color was the tattoo on his neck?" Even if the witness did not notice the tattoo at the time, they are apt to include the tattoo in their later description of the suspect

What makes the information-gathering approach different from the others?

-J. R. Evans et al. (2013) found that the information-gathering approach yields more relevant and useful information than the accusatorial approach. -In addition, some researchers believe that the information-gathering approach will lead to substantially fewer false confessions. -better info, false confession -Unlike the accusatorial style, the information-gathering approach avoids trickery and deceit as much as possible

Peer counseling programs are available in a number of departments, but many police officers prefer to work with mental health professionals who are knowledgeable about police work but who are not police officers themselves. Why is this ?

-LEOs often resist talking to the LEOs about problems generally unacceptable within police culture - sexual disfunction, fear of getting hurt or an inability to use force - often see police psychologists as working for agency, rather than an individual LEO

When did a partnership between law enforcement and psychology began?

-Louis Terman - First in 1917 -some early contributions including cognitive/aptitude testing of applicants -began in the US as a viable profession in 1968, when Martin Reiser was hired as full-time in-house psychologist by the LAPD

What is Pre-incident education ?

-Many departments do not wait for an officer to be confronted with a critical incident. as a part of candidate training they go through education -- helps to psychologically immunize them by teaching LEOs to anticipate and understand how traumatic events may affect them -desensitization process

What is a forensic neuropsychologist?

-Neuropsychology is the study of the psychological effects of brain and neurological damage and dysfunction on human behavior -expertise in brain research, assessment, and law -frequently consulted in both criminal and civil matters

Where do offender often commit crimes?

-Offenders often commit crimes in areas where they are most comfortable. -This may mean they offend close to where they live, as they are more familiar with the area. This may also mean they commit crimes as far from their residence as possible, to deter suspicion

What is geographical profiling ?

-Offending patterns often occur or cluster within certain geographical areas, such as a specific area of a city -refers to the analysis of geographical locations associated with the spatial movements of a single serial offender -more associated with forensic psychology

What mental struggles may immigrants face ?

-PTSD, anxiety disorders, language barriers, problems with acculturation- enacting with new culture and adjusting to life in that culture -may not report victimization, such as domestic violence/ sexual assault; fear of drawing attention -cultural prejudice -many measures not normed with their population -psychologists may not understand cultural context

Why do police officers sometimes decide to not seek help after a critical incident?

-Police psychologists generally realize that many police officers have a reputation for shunning mental health services under a wide range of circumstances. L. Miller (1995) writes that some officers have a notion of the psychotherapy experience as akin to brainwashing or as a humiliating, infantilizing experience. -More commonly, the idea of needing "mental help" implies weakness, cowardice, and lack of ability to do the job.

What is a special unit Evaluation?

-Psychological assessments are also done as standard procedure for members of special teams, such as: special weapons and tactics team (SWATs) and tactical response teams (TRTs); undercover agents; and narcotics, internal affairs, and crisis/ hostage negotiation teams, to determine if they are psychologically fit to undergo the pressures and possess the judgement requirements of high-stress positions. -very little research to validate use of assessments in special team selection

How can faces be more identifiable for witnesses?

-Some faces are easier to identify than others. - Highly unique faces are better recognized than plain or average faces. -Faces that are high and low in attractiveness also are easier to recognize than faces judged to be of medium attractiveness.

What are examples of system variables?

-System variable errors obviously come into play some time after the witness has experienced the criminal event. -Examples include suggestive interviewing techniques, misinformation provided by investigators, or the bias composition of the lineup. These errors are essentially preventable, provided criminal justice personnel follow appropriate pretrial identification procedures and methods.

What is the Reid Method?

-The Reid method is an example. -This approach encourages police to rely on nonverbal behaviors that are not supported by research on deception. -The Reid method of interrogation, following interviewing, is highly confrontational, pitting police interrogators against the suspect who is typically placed under stressful conditions. -In this approach, the interrogator is instructed to maintain psychological control, use psychological manipulation whenever possible, and ask straightforward "yes" or "no" questions

What organization is one of the major consumers of psychological autopsies?

-The U.S. military -The suicide rate among military personnel during and after deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan was higher than during any other war or occupation. More recent data indicate that nearly 24 per 100,000 soldiers commit suicide.

How is stress management handles in police Psychology?

-The earliest full-time police psychologists, as well as community consultants, were called on to identify and dissipate stress, which, if left unmanaged or untreated, could result in an array of psychological and physical health problems for the officer and potentially put the public at risk due to faulty judgment and decision making. - Stressors, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and critical incident trauma became standard terms in the police psychologist's vocabulary. -Psychologists began to offer not only stress management but also crisis intervention training, hostage negotiation training, domestic violence workshops, and substance abuse and alcohol treatment.

What is a hostage situation?

-characterized by a person (persons) holding victims against their will who are used to obtain material gain, deliver na sociopolitical message, or achieve personal advantage

What happened in the Timir Rice case of the 12 year old boy?

-Timir was throwing snowballs and playing with a airlift-style handgun in a park -911 caller said that he was probably a juvenile and twice that the gun was probably fake - dispatcher did not tell officers that caller indicated these things - 2 officers arrived on scene , one shot Tamir within seconds of arriving -claimed Tamir looked around 20 - black boys commonly perceived to be older/ less innocent than white boys

What was the "Police Lineups" white paper published by American Psychology-Law society?

-To protect the rights of everyone accused of crime, the white paper made four recommendations for implementing valid procedures in conducting lineups or photo spreads

How would you describe lineups and photo spreads?

-While they look fairly similar in media depictions, there is a wide variety in how police jurisdictions conduct lineups. How lineups are conducted have a large effect on eyewitness testimony.

What is Criminal Geographic targeting (CGT)?

-a computer program , which created a topographical map assigning different statistical probabilities to areas that fall within an offender's territory. -residence or base of operation may be established -most relevant to serial offenders, partially violent offenders

According to Fallon and Snook (2019), criminal or offender profiling is...

-a dubious practice and that its use by law enforcement agencies should be prohibited until there is compelling empirical evidence that it works". -Not only can this investigative technique be a waste of time, it may also lead LEOs down the wrong path. -If the number of actual success stories in profiling were compared to the total number of misses or failures, the ratio of hits to misses might be close to chance.

What is case linkage analysis (CLA)?

-a method of identifying crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same offender because of similarities across crimes -behavioral consistency and behavioral distinctiveness. According to Davies and Woodhams, an "offender's behaviour must be similar enough that it can be recognized across a series of offences and distinctive enough that it can be distinguished from other offenders' behaviour" -Also, many practitioners still rely on "gut feelings" rather than evidenced-based methodology. This lack of standardization and evidence has led profiles to be challenged in court settings.

What is police cynicism?

-a pessimistic and suspicious perspective towards their job, the public, and society in general

What is psychological autopsy?

-a procedure that is done following a death in order to determine the person's mental state prior to death -surviving family members may want to know if their loved one's death was a suicide, or simply an accidental overdose.

What is Job Analysis?

-a systematic procedure for identifying the skills, abilities, knowledge, and psychological characteristics that are needed to do public safety work successfully -process of identifying/analyzing how, where, why a particular job is done -should reveal the essential functions of the personnel, the working conditions unique to their respective ranks and assignments, the common and novel stressors inherent in public safety work, the normal and abnormal adaptation to occupational stress and trauma, and the research pertinent to resilience and recovery in public safety

What falls under the hostage -taking category?

-abductions and kidnappings, vehicle abductions (including aircraft or other forms of public transportation), school captive takings, and some acts of terrorism

What is surface acting?

-accomplished by suppressing the emotion that is actually felt and faking the appropriate emotion that the situation demands (e.g., anger or sadness)

What is coerced-complaint false confessions?

-admissions of guilt most likely to occur after prolonged and intense interrogation experiences, such as when sleep deprivation is a feature. The suspect, in desperation to avoid further discomfort, admits to the crime even knowing that they are innocent -under pressure, stressed

What is False Confessions?

-admissions of guilt that are not valid and are often but not necessarily induced by coercive interrogation produces -usually accompanied by details

What is reward sensitivity?

-adolescents are far more sensitive to immediate rewards than adults are -more likely to falsely confess so they can "go home" -"Getting to go home" was one of the most frequent reasons cited for adolescents to falsely confess to a crime they had not committed.

What is Community- oriented policing (COP)?

-an approach whereas, police and citizens work more closely together in positive endeavors, had added new pressures, but supporters see it as a better approach than "law-and-order" policing - does not ignore crime and public safety, but it encourages police to form partnerships with citizens to prevent crime and improve safety for the public -some officers find it difficult to apart to its accompanying changes in strategies and policies

What is legal psychology?

-an umbrella term for the scientific study of wide assortment of topics reflecting the close relationship between Psychology and the law, particularly but not exclusively to the courts. -topics include but are not limited to - comprehension of one's legal rights, criminal responsibility ( insanity defense), civil commitment, jury selection, jury and judicial decision making, child custody determinations, family law issues, eyewitness identification, and the effects of pretrial publicity on court proceedings

Recent psychological research has focused on a person's cognitive versions of the world, especially the person's thoughts, beliefs, and values and how those are inconsistent with leading a lawful life can be modified. what are their findings?

-assumes that criminal behaviors acquired by daily living experiences, in accordance with principles of learning -perceived, coded, processed, and stored in memory in unique fashion for each person

What is an Early Warning system?

-can help supervisors identify problem officers early and intervene through counseling or training to correct problem behaviors. -They are data-based management tools, usually consisting of three basic phases: (1) selection (2) intervention (3) post-intervention monitoring

what is a forensic psychiatrists?

-closely associated with the law. in some areas, such as issues relating to insanity determination by the courts, psychiatrists are more visible - and sometimes preferred - than psychologists - medical doctors who specialize in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, addictive, and emotional disorders - some judges prefer medical model approach to mental disorders

What are facial composites?

-computerized or artist drawings of the face from descriptions supplied by the eyewitness or victims are done to help identification -While popular, the process of describing a face to an artist tends to make it more difficult to actually identify that person in a lineup or photo array.

What is geographical mapping?

-concerned with analyzing the spatial patterns of crime committed by numerous offenders over a period -"hot spots" of certain type of crimes

What is Voluntary false confessions?

-confessions to crimes one did not commit, offered without coercion by others such as police or family members -in short, guilt confused without pressure from LEOs

Has the Reid-like method been used on adolescents, if so, is it favorable?

-confrontation methods are often used by police in questioning children and adolescents suspected of committing crimes -a practice that has been criticized because of the vulnerability of this age group.

What is police corruption?

-covers a wide range of illegal behaviors that represent a violation of the public trust. Accepting bribes, confiscating drugs or drug money, planting evidence, and soliciting sexual activity in exchange for giving a suspect a "break" are all illustrations.

What type of investigative-type activities do psychologists do?

-criminal profiling , psychological autopsies, handwriting analysis, eyewitness (or eyewitness) hypnosis - "cop docs" also provide support services to officers/ their families -large police department hire full-time; in-house police psychologists; smaller departments typically as psychological consultants

What is crime scene profiling, AKA offender profiling?

-describing significant behavioral, cognitive ,emotional, lifestyle, demographic features of unknown person believed to committed a a crime -the profile sketch is based on characteristics and evidence gathered at the crime scene as well as reports from victims or witnesses, if there are any. - Based on this information, the profiler tries to predict characteristics and habits of the offender and where and how the person's next crime may occur, assuming that another crime will be committed

Why is interrogating adolescents the same as adults not practical?

-developmental and forensic psychologists have long known that adolescents are fundamentally different from adults biologically, cognitively, and psychologically. - Adolescents are basically ill equipped to withstand the pressures and stresses of interrogation. - they often fail to adequately comprehend their constitutional rights, including those protected by the Miranda warnings. -Adolescents are more prone to giving false confessions -They appear to be especially prone to fall for the interrogative strategy of "minimization," in which the alleged behavior is downplayed by the interrogator.

What is a PsyD?

-doctor of psychology -a graduate degree designed primarily for students who wish to become practitioners or clinicians rather than researchers -strong emphasis on understanding and engaging scientific research and clinical training

What is the best plan for someone pursuing forensic Psychology?

-doctorate in psychology, work with forensic psychologists while in grad school -internship with police organization -understanding police work, policies/ procedures, culture

What are critical incidents?

-emergencies or disasters that are nonroutine and unanticipated, such as an active shooter or a family hostage-taking situation involving young children -tend to be very stressful primarily because they threaten the perceived control of the police officers and have the potential to cause many deaths and injuries

What are field studies?

-examination of lineups conducted by police in actual cases

What does criminal psychology do?

-examines and evaluates prevention, intervention and treatment strategies directed at reducing criminal or antisocial behavior

What is Excessive shift work?

-excessive shift work contributes to more errors in judgment and greater increases in stress than perhaps any other factor in the police environment. Some officers work more than 14 hours a day on a regular basis, and some "moonlight" for extra income. -interfere with sleep/ eating habits -wreak havoc with family life/ responsibilities -interfere with social get-togethers/ family activities, isolating officer even more from social support systems

Why do you think someone would confess to a crime they didn't commit?

-fear, coercion, protecting actual perpetrator, fear not being believed, notoriety -some suspects who are truly innocent come to believe they are truly guilty -skillful manipulation by LEOs

What is the Conformation Step of interrogation?

-focuses on the interrogator accusing the suspect of the crime, expressing certainty in that accusations as much as possible -citing real or manufactured evidence, preventing suspect from denying accusations

how does antisocial behavior lead to criminal behavior?

-found that social rejection by peers and others can lead to serious, violent offending -when sensed of belongingness is removed or restricted, a feeling of isolation and social exclusion occurs that tends to produce significant changes in behavior, such as increase in aggression, violence, and other maladaptive behaviors -behavior may become impulsive, chaotic, selfish, disorganized, or even destructive -school shooters frequently express a sense of social isolation and rejection

the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) established a speciality board to serve as an avenue for psychologists to become certified in this field. What all does it intel?

-founded institute to teach attorneys, judges, detectives about using hypnosis to get info, reliability has been changed -recognition, PPSP was recognized as a speciality by APA in 2013 -Encouraged APA accredited doctoral programs in clinical Psychology to offer drugs

What characteristics for police officers are revealed during job analyses?

-good judgement -appropriate decision making skills -interpersonal skills -a solid memory -good observation talents -communication skills -integrity and trustworthiness -emotional stability -ability to remain steady under stress

What should police do after a critical incident such as a shooting?

-immediately contact the on-duty post-shooting peer support team members and the police psychologist. -The psychologist will consult with supervisors to determine whether the psychologist should arrange to meet with the involved officers at that time or see the officer at a later time.

What is accusatorial approach?

-in police interrogation, an aggressive questioning procedure that assumes the suspect is responsible for a criminal offense and has the goal of obtaining a confession -nonverbal behaviors

What are Relationship driven hostage situations?

-in that perceived relationship difficulties and resentment seem to be the precipitating factor -80% of all hostage situations

What is differential experience hypothesis that is caused by own-race-bias?

-individuals will have greater familiarity or experiences with members of their own race and will thus be better able discern differences among its members -frequency of meaningful/ positive contacts with other races develop skills to differentiate -For example, having close friends of other races or ethnicities is more likely to promote better facial recognition than having frequent but casual exposure. -Training in face familiarization significantly reduces a cross-race bias or effect.

What is Psychological emulations for police special assignments (PEPSA)?

-intended to insure members are capable of handing the job -Special units usually deal with the execution of high-risk search warrants or high-risk arrest warrants, barricaded persons, hostage situations, heavily armed offenders, terrorist acts, and suicidal persons.

What are performance appraisal systems?

-involves the design and development of organizational policies, processes, and instruments for measurement and feedback of individual job performance -Consulting psychologists may also be expected to participate in the resolution of interpersonal conflict among individuals within the organization or between the department and the community. -In general, consulting and in-house psychologists are frequently shifting their roles to meet the crisis or problems that must be dealt with on an ongoing basis.

how is profiling used?

-is most often used when investigators have few clues, and are not making headway in identifying potential suspects. -This process is dependent on the quality of data collected on previous offenders who have committed similar offenses. -crime scene profiling cannot pinpoint on individual -identifying chars of offenders most commonly associated with particular crime -based on probabilities -profiles can identify potential chars to focus on, but crimes will actually be solved through competent police work -most often used when trying to identify perps

What evidence about false confessions has been concluded after recent DNA exonerations?

-it has become increasingly clear that a disturbing number of convictions were the result of such false confessions gained through questionable procedures or illegal tactics -These DNA exonerations and other high-profile cases leading to the convictions of innocent people have prompted increased scrutiny of police interviewing and interrogation methods and strategies -Some research suggests that between 16% and 25% of DNA exonerations have involved false confessions, while a majority have involved inaccurate eyewitness testimony.

What is the potential drawback of concurrently valid inventory?

-it ignores the important psychological characteristics of those officers who were hired but dropped out because of various problems during the course of their career path, thus, significant segments of the population are missed

how are job analyses conducted?

-many law enforcement screening procedures based on intuition, "gut feeling" rather than analysis of job -through interviews and questionnaires, though direct observations of officers on the job may also be necessary -officers and supervisors are asked what they do on a day-to-day basis, what skills and training they believe are necessary - what temperament, personality, and intellectual capacities best fit particular tasks and responsibilities

What is the Minimization step of interrogation ?

-may come into play at any time- involves a "sympathetic" second interrogator morally justifying the crime to the suspect, saying anyone else in that situation would probably do the same, and expressing sympathy with the suspect's understandable predicament -the method can also lead to false confessions

How psychological profiling conducted?

-may take place outside of active investigations. Profilers may try to develop profiles of specific groups of offenders. For example, profilers may describe differences between spousal abusers and child abusers. -psychologists or psychiatrists may prepare an extensive report on the psychological characteristics of one known individual. -This is a speculative process, based on available documents as well as interviews, including at times interviews with the subject, although such personal interviews are rare. - These types of profiles lack scientific reliability and validity. They may be interesting, but should be read with extreme caution.

What is the criteria by which officers are placed in an early warning category ?

-may vary -some threshold combination of citizen complaints, civil litigation, firearms discharge or use-of-force reports, high-speed pursuits, and resisting-arrest incidents

what are the educational requirements to be a professional psychologist?

-minimum is a master's degree; students are encouraged to pursue a doctorate - in some states, those with master's degree- with appropriate clinical training may be eligible for a license to be a psychological associate (CPA)

What is a forensic psychologist?

-more likely to conduct custody evaluations, consult with law enforcement, and work within the correction system -do not hold medical degree, tho someway have earned related degrees, such as a masters of public health (MPH) - another major distinction between psychologist and psychiatrists has been the license to prescribe drugs

Does a psychologist have to explain results of a FFDE to a LEO?

-no, psychologist must balance the agency's need for assessment with the officers confidentially. The limits of the confidentiality must be carefully explained -the agency owns that report

Is psychological autopsies heavily supported and reliable?

-not really, As we have seen with other types of profiles, there still needs to be much more research on psychological autopsies to improve their reliability and validity. In particular, the protocol for performing a psychological autopsy needs to be standardized.

What is unconscious transference?

-occurs when a person seen in one situation is confused with or recalled as a person seen in another situation -relatively brief -For unconscious transference to occur, the previous encounters with the innocent face must have been relatively brief. Frequent encounters with someone are unlikely to trigger unconscious transference

What is Preemployment psychological screening?

-occurs when psychologists evaluate a person's psychological suitability for police work prior to being hired -psychological screen of candidates for police positions is mandated by law in at least 38 states -about 100,000 every year

What is organization structure?

-of large police departments often promotes office politics, lack of effective consultation, nonparticipation in decision making, and restrictions on behavior. -most prevalent/ frustrating source of stress for LEOs

Police cultures may vary in terms of style, values, purpose, and mission of the organization itself. Culture may vary according to rank. What does this cause?

-officers depends on one another much more than we see in most other occupations

Police psychologists who asses candidates should also be aware of the particular requirements for officers of different type of agencies. What is an example?

-officers working in special units for victims of sexual abuse will need a specialized psychological skill set

What is a Barricade situation?

-one in which an individual has fortified or barricaded themselves in a residence or public building or structure and threatens violence either to the self or to others

What is the history of victimization and effects?

-only 40 years that criminal victimology has become recognized as a scientific and professional field of study - may be direct or primary (experienced firsthand) or indirect or secondary (experienced by family members, relatives, survivors, or friends because of their closeness to the victim

What did Cattell's experiment do for forensic psychology?

-paved way for researchers to look at circumstances that affect memory, and how to identify them - prior to this little was known of unreliability of eyewitness testimony

What is Estimator Variables?

-pertain to potential sources of eyewitness error that are beyond the control of the criminal justice system - they occur during or soon after a crime, and usually before investigators begin gathering evidence

What is emotional labor?

-police are expected to keep their emotions under control, through this process - display of facial/ physical expression that is neutral, solid, and controlled

What is Racial Profiling?

-police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity -Profiling of this type is illegal—courts have determined that police action cannot be taken against a person just because that person is Black or Latinx, for example.

What does the IACP-PPSS established guidelines for police psychological service cover?

-pre-employment psychological and fitness-for-duty evaluations, officer-involved shootings, and peer emotional support for personal or professional crisis

What do forensic laboratories do?

-prepare documents and reports and provide courtroom testimony on physical evidence if needed -private labs , provide services too government agencies on a contractual basis or employ scientist who conduct individual experiences

What is Double-blind lineup?

-psychologist advocate that the person conducting the lineup be unaware of the identity of the suspect -can prevent LEOs from giving any kind of hint to the eyewitness

What is the fitness-for -duty evaluations (FFDEs) ?

-psychologists evaluate an employed police officers ability to continue performing the job, at least for the time being -this often occurs after officers have been through personally stressful experiences, personal life or on the job

During crisis negotiation what is done during the pre-incident phase?

-psychologists may provide psychological screening and selection of negotiators; deliver training to negotiators on the psychological aspects that are pertinent to crisis negotiations; and suggest strategies for a quick threat and violence risk assessment.

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised-Restructured Form (MMPI)?

-published in 2008 -has 338 items and 51 scales, compared with 10 clinical and 4 validity scales -somewhat stronger measure than MMPI-2 for predicting LEO performance, tho police psychologists still prefer MMPI-2

What is misinformation effect?

-recall of episodic memories become less accurate because of post-event information - media coverage, other witnesses commentary, suggestive/ leading questioning during police interviews

The IACP Police Psychological Services Section has developed guidelines for police psychologists who conduct pre-employment psychological evaluations. what does the guideline include?

-recommended standards for examiner qualifications, conflict-of-interest issues, and informed consent recommendations for those police candidates who undergo the examination -Also suggest what should be included in the evaluation

What is shooter bias?

-refers to an implicit racial bias among law enforcement officers to shoot Black juveniles or adults -police appear to use greater force with black suspects -black suspects are about 5 times more likely to be killed by LEOs -Bias against groups—commonly thought of as holding racial stereotypes—is culturally ingrained, and law enforcement officers are no more or no less likely than others to hold stereotypical views

What is External stress?

-refers to an officer's ongoing frustration with the courts, the prosecutor's office, the criminal justice process, the correctional system, the media, or public attitudes -every 100 felony arrests, 43 are typically dismissed or not prosecuted. -many law enforcement officers feel court appearances are excessively time consuming, and they are often frustrated over what they perceive as inefficiency and "unjust" court decisions. -police-citizen relationships, particularly when tied to various encounters. -law enforcement approaches to immigration

What are false alarms that are caused by Own-race bias (ORB)?

-refers to any situation where a witness identifies the wrong person as the offender -does not seem to arise from racial bias

What is personal stress?

-refers to stressors involving martial relationships, health problems, addictions, peer group pressures, feelings of helplessness and depression, discrimination, sexual harassment, and lack of accomplishment

What is weapon focus?

-refers to the concentration of a victim's or witness's attention at a threatening object while paying less attention to other details and events of a crime. -When someone points a gun at you, you are less likely to remember other information, such as a description of the perpetrator.

What is organizational stress?

-refers to the emotional and stressful effects that the policies and practices of the police department have on the individual officer -may include poor pay, excessive paperwork, insufficient training, inadequate equipment, weekend duty, shift work, inconsistent discipline or rigid enforcement of rules and policies, limited promotional opportunities, poor supervision and administrative support, and poor relationships with supervisors or colleagues. Rural police officers and sheriff's deputies often deal with limited training, old equipment, lack of proper resources, and outdated technology. - antagonistic subcultures investigated by IA

What is Occupational socialization?

-refers to the learning of attitudes, values, and beliefs of a particular occupational group -Worden (1993) found very few differences between male and female officers in their attitudes toward policing

what is Forensic school psychology?

-relates to the intersection of psychology, the education system, and the legal system -tend to think of themselves simply as school psychologists -challenges-education may take backseat to reasons for confinement - may work with local schools concerning school suspension and expulsions, as well as possible placement of youth into a residential school program - perform a wide variety of Assessment services, including threat Assessments or assessing students who may have intellectual, developmental, or emotional difficulties

What is Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions (PSTRs)?

-represents a collection of emotions and psychological response patterns that may occur after a law enforcement officer shoots a person in the line of duty - which in itself is usually considered a critical incident -Prevalence rates of PTSD among police officers after a serious critical incident range from 7% to 19%. -especially likely when victim dies

What can get an officer screened out?

-screening out unqualified candidates is easier than screening in qualified one -showing signs of poor judgement and common sense or poor stress tolerance -unwillingness to follow rules , exhibits difficulty working within a chain-of-command work environment, or demonstrates a lack of basic ability or mental acuity to perform the job in a safe and responsible manner

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised (MMPI-2)?

-self-administered personality inventory used in numerous contexts, including law enforcement screening, most commonly used psychological instrument for police and public safety preselection screening -originally designed to measure psychopathology/ behavior disorders -reliably predicts police officers job performances - while the measure is proven useful, it should be accompanied by other factors, such as background checks, oral board examinations, aptitude tests, and prior LE experience

What is Task-related stress?

-stressors include inactivity and boredom; situations requiring the use of force; responsibility of protecting others; the use of discretion; the fear that accompanies danger to oneself and colleagues; dealing with violent or disrespectful, uncivil individuals; making critical decisions; frequent exposure to death; continual exposure to people in pain or distress; and the constant need to keep one's emotions under close control. -In many rural police or sheriff's departments, the officer must deal with the situation alone or without immediate backup.

How can stressful assignments have an effect of police officers?

-such as undercover duty or drug raids, also play a role in the stress equation. -Police officers also fear air- or blood-borne diseases, either intentional (e.g., spread by terrorists) or accidental, and exposure to toxic or hazardous materials or natural occurring diseases such as COVID-19. - In addition, budget cutbacks and fiscal uncertainty due to the economy can result in concerns about job security and opportunity for advancement.

in the 20th century what advancements did forensic psychology have?

-such psychological knowledge gradually was introduced into legal proceeding in the form of expert testimony, first in civil courts and later, in criminal courts -psychologist also began to consult juvenile courts and offer treatment services to juvenile and adult correctional facilities

What are the two basic types of psychological autopsy?

-suicide psychological autopsy (SPA) -equivocal death psychological autopsy (EDPA)

What are Political terrorists?

-take hostages primarily to gain publicity for their cause, are considered the most difficult to deal with. Their demands often go beyond the authority of the local police departments and usually require the involvement of federal officials.

Crime scene profiling is assumed to have been developed by who?

-the FBI in the early 1970s to provide investigative assistance to law enforcement in cases of serial homicide or serial rape. -At that time, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened its training academy in Quantico, Virginia, and established its Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), which is now called the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). -There were less formal instances of LEOs reaching out to behavioral scientists for help in difficult crimes before this.

What topics are researchers studying but not necessarily working within the correctional system to study the psychological effects of correctional systems on prison behavior?

-the general effect of imprisonment on special populations of offenders, such as the mentally disordered or the elderly, the effects of crowding, the effects of isolation, and the outcome of various rehabilitation programs

Why is police interviewing and interrogation important?

-the interviewing of persons with possible information about a crime is fundamental to law enforcement work - approximately 80% of criminal cases are solved by less than a full confession -once interrogation is used, it is successful in gaining at least some incriminating evidence about 64% of the time

What is commitment bias?

-the phenomenon that once a witness commits to a certain viewpoint, such as identification of a face, the witness is less likely to change their mind -Commitment bias is most likely to occur when witnesses are eager to please police investigators and when they further assume that the police have good evidence against someone in the identification process. Each time the witness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the crime, the witness becomes more convinced that this was indeed the person who committed the crime.

What is police and public safety psychology (PPSP)?

-the research and application of psychological principles and clinical skills to law enforcement and public safety -the goal of this speciality is to assist law enforcement and other public safety personnel and agencies in carrying out their mission and societal functions with effectiveness and safety

What is psychology of crime and Delinquency ?

-the science of the behavioral and mental process of the adult and juvenile offender -primarily concerned with how antisocial behavior is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified

What is Matter of death ?

-the specific circumstances by which a death results

what is confirmation bias?

-the strong preference to have one's views confirmed - can affect how profiles are created and used -only evidence that confirms our existing views/ beliefs is considered; other info is sometimes noticed but tend to rejected as false -We should also keep in mind that profilers are humans, with their own biases. Because of a lack of standardization of procedures, ambiguous information can be interpreted according to the profiler's biases. LEOs can also ignore suspects who do not "fit the profile". - can affect how profiles are created and how they are used

What are some Critical incidents most likely to cause high levels of stress?

-the suicide or fatal shooting of a colleague, the accidental killing or wounding of a citizen by the police officer, death or serious injury to a child or multiple children, events that draw high media coverage, and events involving a number of deaths, such as major fires, terrorist bombings, or far-reaching natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tornadoes.

What is the Custody and isolation step of interrogation ?

-the suspect is detained in a small interrogation room and left long enough to experience the uncertainty, the stress, and the usual insecurity associated with police custody and interrogation

What is own-race bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect (CRE)?

-the tendency of people to be able to discriminate between faces of their own race better than those of others -or ethic group than faces of other faces

What is Coered-interalized false confessions?

-these occur when innocent persons - who are tired, confused, and highly psychologically vulnerable - come to believe that they actually committed the crime

What are intelligence tests?

-these types of tests did not provide effective measure of officers fitness -neither high intelligence or a college education indicate if someone will be a good LEO -college education can help with communicating with people with college degrees are promoted more than those without

What is a risk assessment?

-used to determine if a person is dangerous to self or others -assessments are accomplished through various evaluation measures, background checks, observations, and interviews

What is a threat assessment?

-used to determine if an actual, expressed threat is likely to be carried out -assessments are accomplished through various evaluation measures, background checks, observations, and interviews

Why does hostage taker who committed a crime take hostages?

-usually trapped while committing the crime, such as robbery or domestic violence, and is trying to negotiate some form of escape.

What is system variables?

-variables in eyewitness identifications that influence the accuracy of eyewitness identifications over which justice system has control -"to include factors under the control of the justice system that relate to (as opposed to influence) the accuracy of eyewitness identifications"

What is Crisis negotiation?

-very similar to hostage negotiation, except crisis negotiation is a more general term, involving a broad range of situations and strategies -talking a suicidal person down from jumping off a bridge or ledge of a high office building, where a tactical response is uncalled for. In many crisis situations, law enforcement officers can be trained by psychologists to effectively negotiate, and the crisis negotiation team—like the hostage negotiation team—may comprise both law enforcement officers and psychologists. -The perpetrators may be highly emotional, under the influence of drugs or alcohol, suicidal, violent, stressed, or struggling with psychological disorders.

What is a bait question in interrogation?

-when police tell a suspect that they have evidence that they really do not have, is often expressly forbidden in the approach

What is Nonfatal Excessive force- Excessive force?

-when the level of force exceeds what is considered justifiable under the circumstances

What is Lack of self-regulation ?

-will likely allow the adolescent to take the immediate reward to go home in place of maintaining innocence in the face of the unpleasant conformation of interrogation -more likely to ditch maintaining innocence in face of confrontational interrogation

What was included in the 20th and 21st century books and journal articles on police psychology?

-works of screening candidates for law enforcement positions, coping with stress in policing, police culture, police corruption, police suicide and relationship problems, the legitimate use of force, and women in policing, among other topics

Do disguises have an effect on eyewitness identification accuracy ?

-yes, Even a relatively simple disguise can effectively reduce eyewitness identification accuracy

Does a confession have to be freely and voluntarily given if it is to be used as evidence?

-yes, it cannot be coerced -Even if a suspect waives the right against self-incrimination, that waiver must be voluntary, knowledgeable, and intelligent. Police agencies often require a signed waiver before allowing the interrogation of a suspect in custody without a lawyer's presence

What are the three fundamental questions that characterize all criminal investigations,assuming that an individual has not been caught in the act of committing a crime?

1) What are the important behavioral features associated with the crime that may help identify and successfully prosecute the perpetrator? (2) What inferences can be made about the personal characteristics that may help identify the offender? (3) Are there any other crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same person?

What are some psychological attributes characteristic of officers who engage in excessive force?

1. Officers with personality patterns that reflect a lack of empathy for others and antisocial, narcissistic, and abusive tendencies 2. Officers with previous job-related experiences such as involvement in justifiable police shootings 3. Officers who experienced early career-stage problems having to do with their impressionability, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration, and general need for strong supervision 4. Officers who had a dominant, heavy-handed patrol style that is particularly sensitive to challenge and provocation 5. Officers who had personal problems such as separation, divorce, or perceived loss of status that caused extreme anxiety and destabilized job functioning

Psychologists who work in law enforcement and public safety are involved in what 4 areas?

1. assessment- screening and selection of personnel, fitness-for-duty evaluations (FFDEs) and special unit evaluations 2. clinical intervention- post- shooting incidents, line of duty deaths counseling, deep undercover stress reactions 3. operational support- postage negotiation, criminal activity analyses 4. organization consultation- gender issues and issues related to racial or ethic minorities, excessive force concerns, police corruption problems, workplace stressors

what are the five subspecialties of forensic psychology?

1. police and public safety psychology 2. legal psychology 3. psychology of crime and delinquency 4. Victimology and victim services 5. correctional psychology

What are the four basic reasons Political terrorists take hostages?

1. to show the public that the government cannot protect its own citizens 2. To virtually guarantee immediate coverage and publicity for their cause 3. to support their hope that after repeated incidents the government will overreact and place excessive restrictions on its citizens 4. to demand the release of members of their group who have been incarcerated.

how many specialities of profesional psychology is recognized by the American Psychological Association ?

15

in how many states do forensic psychologist have to obtain licenses or state issued certificates in order to engage in forensic practice such as conducting competency evaluations for the courts or assessing sexual violence offender who may be subjected to civil commitment proceedings?

17

How many unique interrogative techniques are used by law enforcement?

71

What is a simultaneous lineup?

A live or photo lineup in which a witness views individuals all at once, such as standing in a row or in a photo array to identify suspect as perp

in 2020, two officers were arraigned and charged with simple assault after pushing a 75 year old man down, falling backward, hitting his head, and blood began to flow. How did fellow officers react?

At the courtroom, when arraigned officers walked out, crowds of fellow officers, and members of the community cheered

Why do many professionals prefer the term behavioral analysis to profiling? a.Behavioral analysis refers to a broad range of crimes, while profiling refers to violent crimes only. b.Behavioral analysis has five distinct categories, while profiling has one category. c.Behavioral analysis requires a doctorate degree and extensive training. d.Behavioral analysis is considered a more scientific activity than profiling.

Behavioral analysis is considered a more scientific activity than profiling.

What is dual relationships?

Between psychologists and clients, conflicts of interests, bias, participation in research, issues of confidentiality, and tension between punishment and rehabilitation

Which statement about detecting deception is correct? a.Detecting deception is a complex activity. b.Nonverbal emotional cues are the best indicator that a person is lying. c.Law enforcement officers have been successfully trained in detecting deception. d.A person's lack of eye contact with the questioner is the only sure way to determine that the person is lying.

Detecting deception is a complex activity.

how do we know that most "lost" data can actually be recovered by seize, search, and analyzing electronic media from a variety of operating systems in execution of search warrant or subpoena?

Digital investigative analysis(DIA)

What is prescription authority?

Do we really want ppl who aren't doctors to prescribe medicine?

What are the four recommendations outlined in the "Police Lineups" white paper?

First, the panel recommended the use of a double-blind lineup. Second, eyewitnesses should be clearly told that the suspect might not be in the lineup or photo spread. Third, the suspect should not stand out in the lineup or photo spread as being clearly different from the distractors, based on the eyewitness's (or eyewitnesses') previous description. Fourth, a clear statement should be taken from the eyewitness at the time of identification, prior to any feedback from the police that would inform the witness whether they had chosen the "right" suspect.

what type of forensic science identifies skeletal body, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains, bones

Forensic anthropology

what forensic science analyzes handwriting, print fonts, the authenticity of signatures, alterations in documents, charred or water-damaged paper, the significance of inks and papers, photocopying processes, writing instruments, sequence of writing, and other elements of a document to establish authorship and authenticity? document of the text

Forensic document examination

What forensic science studies insects as it relates to legal issues and uses findings to determine time since death ( postmortem interval), location of death, and placement of movement of body, manner of death

Forensic entomology

what type of forensic science is concerned with in-depth evaluation of language related characteristics of text, such as grammar, syntax, spelling, vocabulary, and phraseology to narrow down a suspect or find what country a suspect is in?

Forensic linguistics

What forensic science often works in hospital emergency departments, are nurse with special training in the collection of evidence pertinent to a crime, such as sexual assault, by documenting and gathering evidence from live people?

Forensic nurses

What type of forensic science is a branch of medicine concerned with diseases and disorders of the body that relate to questions that might come before the court?

Forensic pathology

Which of the following definitions would be considered a narrow definition of forensic psychology? a. Forensic psychology is the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior directly related to the legal process and the professional practice of psychology within a legal system that embraces both civil and criminal law. b.Forensic psychology refers to professional practice by any psychologist working within any subdiscipline of psychology when applying the scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge of psychology to the law to assist in addressing legal, contractual, and administrative matters. c.Forensic psychology is the research and application of psychological knowledge to the legal system. d.Forensic psychology is the application and practice of psychology as it pertains to the legal system

Forensic psychology is the application and practice of psychology as it pertains to the legal system.

What is screening in and screening out?

Law enforcement agencies look to police psychologist to help them pick candidates who will make good LEOs, and screen out those who with not fit well

Which statement supports the idea that courts often lean toward a medical model approach to mental disorder? a. Many judges advocate for psychologists to have prescription privileges. b. Many judges prefer the involvement of psychiatrists for insanity determinations. c. Many attorneys advocate for psychiatrists in correctional facilities. d.Many attorneys prefer psychologists for child custody evaluations.

Many judges prefer the involvement of psychiatrists for insanity determinations

The first full-time in-house psychologist was ______. a.Martin Reiser b.Kim Rossmo c.Louis Terman d.Stephen Chandler

Martin Reiser

What are hostage incidents?

Police and public safety psychologists often serve as consultants, either training for hostage-taking incidents or assisting during the incident itself.

This process can be applied to many types of investigations, including fraud, homicide, suicide, sexual offenses, blackmail, bombing, and arson. For example, Examination of a signature, a handwritten letter, entries on a form, or even graffiti on a wall

Questioned document examination

Which of the following statements about prescription privileges for psychologists is correct? a.Military psychologists are the only psychologists who have prescription privileges. b.Some states give psychologists prescription privileges. c.No state allows psychologists to prescribe medication. d.Recent surveys indicate that almost all psychologists are in favor of prescription privileges.

Some states give psychologists prescription privileges.

Which program is often considered a form of racial/ethnic profiling? a.Peer Counseling b.Community-Oriented Policing c.Stop and Frisk d.Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

Stop and Frisk

Although the cause of death is generally clear, the manner is often unclear. What is an example of manner of death being unclear?

T. J. Young gives the example of a parachutist who falls to the ground from an altitude of 5,000 feet and dies as the result of multiple injuries. In this case, an investigator cannot immediately ascertain whether the parachute malfunctioned (accident) or whether the parachutist intentionally jumped with a bad parachute (suicide). Alternatively, the parachute may have been tampered with by someone else (homicide), or the parachutist may have suffered a heart attack during the jump (natural).

Which statement is correct about post-shooting traumatic reactions? a.Most officers experience a marital separation or divorce after a shooting incident. b.The topic of post-shooting traumatic reactions has not been adequately studied. c.Most officers will experience shooting a person in the line of duty at some time in their careers. d.The majority of large police agencies deny the existence of post-shooting traumatic reactions.

The topic of post-shooting traumatic reactions has not been adequately studied.

What do forensic psychology, forensic linguistics, and forensic anthropology all have in common? a. They are based on an unknown, deceased subject. b. They involve the study of human pathology. c. They involve the study of crime. d. They are based on scientific principles.

They are based on scientific principles.

Which statement is correct about the five categories of profiling discussed in the chapter? a.They are mutually exclusive in that only one type can occur per case. b.They can be practiced by licensed profilers only. c.They have been designated as such by the American Psychological Association. d.They often overlap, in that more than one may be relevant in a case.

They often overlap, in that more than one may be relevant in a case.

what is family forensic psychology?

a speciality whose practitioners have extensive knowledge about human development, family dynamics, and the court system

What is a Test?

a standardized set of questions or other items designed to evaluate knowledge or skills

What is Face (or content) validity?

a tests or inventory has Face (for context) validity if its questions appear relevant to the tasks need in law enforcement -in other words, someone looking at the inventory will attest that it seems relevant, regardless of whether it really is -does measure appear relevant to what it claims to measure on its face

Profiling is based on the assumption that human behavior is consistent across time and place. true or false

across time; across situations

Risk assessment instruments are largely based on ______ prediction. a.criminal b.limited c.clinicAL d.actuarial

actuarial

What is validity?

addresses the question "does the test or inventory measure what it is designed to measure?" -does the measure, measure what it claims to measure -also differentiale between inventories and tests

Family forensic psychologists are concerned with...

adoption, families in all their iterations, child support, divorce, including custody, relocation, and conflict resolution, abuse, elder law, including estate planning, family business, guardianship, juvenile justice , paternity, reproduction and genetic Technologies, and other areas such as termination of parental rights -2015, SCOTUS ruled in Obergefell vs. Hodges that same-sex couples have the constitutional right to marry

What is the lack of future orientation?

allows the adolescent to prefer going home immediately without considering the future consequences of admitting guilt

What is a Show-up?

an identification procedure in which police present a single suspect to the eyewitness(es) to see if the eyewitness(es) will identify that person as the perpetrator -show-ups are far more likely to lead to mistaken identification than lineups. Even when the original identification is followed up with a lineup, because of the confirmation bias, the eyewitness is more likely to pick them again.

A forensic psychologist who specializes in victimology would most likely perform which of the following tasks? a. assess, support, and counsel those who provide death notification services b. conduct research on the development of psychopathy c. testify at a trial in which the defendant has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity d. train police officers on how to deal with mentally ill citizens

assess, support, and counsel those who provide death notification services

Profiling may be used to narrow down a suspect field, or to provide more information about a known person. Because the term profiling has been used to suggest abilities that aren't part of the process, many people involved in this activity prefer what term

behavioral analyst rather than profiler -seen as more scientific

What is an example of using the Presentation of evidence technique?

bluff or beat suspect about supposed evidence of involvement crime

Psychologist like Lewis Terman did what by the start of world war II ?

brought intelligence and aptitude testing to the military and some civilian law enforcement agencies

What is the goal of the equivocal death psychological autopsy (EDPA)?

clarify the manner (or mode) of death and to determine the reasons for the death. It may not be a suicide

Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to complete a fitness-for-duty evaluation. What is the first step you would take? a. assess whether the officer is fit to return to duty b. conduct a job analysis c. establish departmental credibility d. determine the officer's physical fitness level

conduct a job analysis

What is an example of using the Context manipulation technique?

conduct the interrogation in a small room

who was McKeen Cattell?

conducted experiment on eyewitness testimony in class at Columbia University and asked a series of questions along with the students rating their confidence in how correct they were

what are the internship setting for students interested in forensic psychology?

court clinics, forensic hospitals , or assessment centers

It is standard procedure at most agencies for the involved officer to immediately be placed on administrative leave for 3 days or longer. During that leave, it is usually common practice to recommend that the officer see the police psychologist for what?

critical incident stress debriefings (CISDs)

What was one of the questions that Cattell asked in his experiment?

do horses in a field stand with head or tail in the wind?

Which hypothesis is a possible explanation for own-race bias? a.double-blind hypothesis b.unconscious transfer hypothesis c.false alarm hypothesis d.differential experience hypothesis

differential experience hypothesis

Jan is a second-year college student who is interested in becoming a police psychologist. Which path would you suggest that she take in order to reach her goals? a.encourage her to earn her undergraduate degree and then join the police academy b.encourage her to transfer to an undergraduate school with joint-degree training c.encourage her to earn a doctorate in psychology and gain ample exposure to police culture d.encourage her to transfer to a university accredited in police psychology

encourage her to earn a doctorate in psychology and gain ample exposure to police culture

Research shows that the most effective police officers are physically strong. true or false

false

What was excluded from Bartol and Bartol (1987) and Roesch's definition?

focuses on clinical psychology - excludes topics such as eyewitness identification, polygraphs, jury ben, testimony of children

What is typically but not always followed by a lineup procedure where the suspect appears in a lineup with anyone who is not the suspect

foils -must be performed soon after offense ; lineup not possible /impractical

Mark Smith, PhD, studies the feeding patterns of insects. His findings are often used to determine the cause of death in murder investigations. Dr. Smith would be considered a(n) ______. a. forensic psychologist b. cephalic pathologist c. insect analyst d.forensic entomologist

forensic emtomologist

What specialist is popularly depicted in CSI series, Bones, and NCIS at examine the bodies of crime victims for clues about how a victim died?

forensic pathologist

What forensic science is highly knowledgable about drugs and their interactions?

forensic pharmacists

Many people mistake forensic psychology for

forensic science or law enforcement

What are Laboratory-based experimental studies?

individuals are exposed to a simulated crime, and the volunteer witnesses are asked details about the crime

What is an example of using the Emotional Provocation technique?

interrogate suspect while very stressed

What happens if a good job analysis is not accomplished?

it is difficult for psychologists doing screening to know what to look for -let alone measure it

How would people who enter the field of police psychology benefit from ride-along programs?

it provides police psychologists with a better understanding of the daily live of LEOs -Attending department functions and meetings can also provide valuable insights

By the mid-century what advancements did forensic psychology have?

it was not unusual to see psychologists consulting formally with law enforcement agencies, partially by offering services for the screening of candidates for the police positions

Which specialty is one of the five major areas in forensic psychology? a.social psychology b. pathological psychology c. positive psychology d.legal psychology

legal psychology

What is an example of using the Collaboration technique?

make bargain with suspect

What are the 5 generally accepted manners of death ?

natural, accident, suicide, homicide, and undetermined

A critical incident is characterized by an unanticipated and ______ event. a.heroic b.violent c.nonroutine d.confusing

non routine

What is hunting patterns?

offenders often make know movement pattern of comfort zones in which they operate

The rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement officers as an occupational group are known as ______. a.police culture b.candidate screening c.psychological assessment d.operational support

police culture

What are the ethical issues in recent years?

psychologist participating in military interrogations, making recommendations in child custody cases, conducting violence risk assessments in death penalty cases, labeling juveniles as psychopathic

What is the definition of Forensic ?

scientific activities pertaining or potentially pertaining to law, both civil and criminal

Jacob was a 23-year-old male with a history of depression who died after jumping from the third floor of the Pine Hills indoor mall. The death occurred on a Saturday morning and many shoppers witnessed the entire incident. Which type of psychological autopsy will most likely be performed on Jacob? a.physical reconstructive autopsy b.equivocal death autopsy c.critical incident autopsy d.suicide psychological autopsy

suicide psychological autopsy

Which form of profiling has raised the most concerns about racial, ethnic, or religious discrimination? a.geographical profiling b.psychological profiling c.crime scene profiling d.suspect-based profiling

suspect-based profiling

What are the Miranda rights?

take a look at the image

Why do persons with mental disorders take hostages?

take hostages for a variety of reasons but primarily to establish their sense of control over their life situations

What is a critical incident stress debriefings (CISDs) ?

takes place within 24 to 72 hours after the critical incident and consists of a single group meeting that lasts approximately 2 to 3 hours - some research indicates that debriefing may be harmful, does not prevent PTSD, and should not be mandatory

Boredom and exposure to violent situations are examples of ______ stressors. a.personal b.external c.occupational d.task-related

task -related

Forensic pharmacists also teach courses, offer workshops, consult with lawyers preparing cases and often....

testify in both criminal and civil courts

What is forensic social work?

the application of social work principles to questions and issues relating to law and legal systems

what is the thin blue line?

the concept of the police as the line which keeps society from descending into violent chaos.

What is Cognitive rigidity?

the inability to switch from thinking about things one way to another way

During crisis negotiation what is done during the post-incident phase?

the psychologist may provide stress management strategies, debriefing, and counseling services to the crisis management team. Ideally, this is a different psychologist than who worked the incident.

During crisis negotiation what is done during the intra-incident phase?

the psychologist on the premises may monitor the negotiations, offer advice on the emotional state and behavior of the individual in crisis, and assist negotiators in influencing the person's behaviors and intentions.

What is police culture?

the rules, attitudes, beliefs and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement as an occupational group

What is Victimology and victims services?

the study of persons who have experienced either actual or treated physical, psychological, social, or financial harm as the result of the commission or attempted commission of crime against them

Forensic linguistics analyze what

the text, not the document

What is a forensic document examiner (FDE)?

they examine and render opinions on the authorship types of surfaces, or determine the brand or model of key-boards, printers, embossers, inks, and printing processes

What is an example of using the Confrontation and Competition technique?

threaten suspect with consequences for non-cooperation

What is the major goal of the specialist or investigator working in Digital investigative analysis?

to recover the data or images without modifying them. These skills are used in a wide variety of investigations, such as fraud, embezzlement, political corruption, child pornography, identity theft, document forgery, software piracy, narcotics trafficking, money laundering, and terroristic activity

Most law enforcement officers complete their career without ever firing a weapon in the line of duty. true or false

true

What is inventory?

typically self-administer, is a list of items, often in question form, used in describing or investigating behavior, interests, and attitudes

What is a growing field of practice that raises ethical issues in forensic psychology?

working with undocumented immigrants subject to deportation proceedings or immigrants victimized by crime, carries with it many ethical implications, including culturally rooted misunderstandings and the applicability of psychological measure to diverse groups

Are show-ups legal?

yes, they are legal in the United States as long as it occurs soon after the offense (within hours) or under circumstances that would make a lineup impracticable or impossible.