psychology 3rd nine weeks

procedures, skills, and conditioning

implicit memory involve . . .

neural basis for memory

long-term pentiation is a(n) . . .

a subject might involuntarily manufacture a false memory and believe it is true

many psychologists are suspicious of memoires retrieved through hypnosis because

a type of learning in which the frequency of responding depends on consequences

operant conditioning is . . .

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

opiates

continuing to rehearse even after information is stored in memory

overlearning is . . .

report significant relief from the pain of placing their arms in ice water

people can be hypnotically induced to

any consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated

punishment is defined as . . .

insomnia

recurring problems falling or staying asleep is the main symptom of

tolerance

reduced responsiveness to a drug, causing a user to take an increased dose, is called

practice

rehearsal is another word for . . .

any consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated

reinforcement is defined as . . .

psychoactive drug

a drug that affects our mood, behavior and perception is called a(n)

iconic

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ___ memory

hypnotizability

a person's ability to be hypnotized is called

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion made during the hypnosis session that the subject will carry out when no longer hypnotized is called a

infradian rhythms

a womens menstrual cycle is an example of

studying physis every night for one hour during the week before a test

according to the spacing effect, which of the following study methods would probably be most effective

LSD

after ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, carol experienced vivid hallucinations and felt as she she were separated from her own body. carol most likely experienced the effects of

retroactive interference

after learning the combination for his new locker at school, milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. milton is experiencing the effects of

generalization

after learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert rsponded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. this best illustrates . . .

controlling inhibitions and making judgements

alcohol tends to shut down areas of brain responsible for

brain waves

an EEG, pr electroencephalograph, measures

impaired concentration and a depressed immune system

an insomniac would most likely experience

triggers an unconditioned response reflexively or automatically

an unconditioned stimulus . . .

delta waves

at 1:00 a.m. luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. an EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of

information is captured with no conscious effort

automatic processing occurs when . . .

withdrawal

discomfort and distress that occurs when a person dependent on a drug discontinues use is called

skinner box

dr raheja places a rat in a small, glass enclosed chamber where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. dr raheja is using a ____ to study learning

hallucinogens

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are called

stimulants

drugs that excite neural speed up body functions are called

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions are called

UCS;CS

during the acquisition, the ____ is paired with a ____

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

echoic memory refers to . . .

we try to encode information

effortful processing occurs when . . .

a punishment

esme's mom cooks a big plate of cooked tofu as a reward, because esme cleaned her room this weekend. esme doesnt ever clean her room again. in this situation, the tofu might be . . .

positive reinforcement

ever since his mother began to give julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, julio discontinued his habit of bed wetting. his change in behavior best illustrates the effects of . . .

control pain; improve memory

research on posthypnotic suggestion indicates that a suggestion to ___ might be more effective than a suggestion to ____

some therapists use techniques that increase the likelihood a patient ill construct a false memory or childhood sexual abuse

research on repressed memories shows that

retrieval

retroactive interference involves the disruption of

information we learned recently prevents us from remembering information we learned previously

retroactive interference occurs when . . .

discrimination

the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called . . .

is correlated with increased aggressive behavior

the american psychological association's commison on violence and youth found that violence on television

a computer

the analogy for the human memory system used by information processing theorists is . . .

hypothalamus

the area of the brain most responsible for sleep cycles is the

neuron

the basic building block of the nervous system

observational learning

the bobo doll experiments in which children saw an adult hit a bobo doll and then imitated the violence themselves demonstrated the existence of what type of learning

awake

the brain waves you have during REM sleep are most similar to the ones you have when you are

brain and spinal chord

the central nervous system is made up of

CS

the conditioned response(CR) is the response to the . . .

is the originally neutral stimulus that gains power to cause the CR

the conditioned stimulus(CS) . . .

mild hallucinogenic experiences and mild relaxation

the effects of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, include

how long ago we learned that information

the famous ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" indicates that how well we remember information depends on . . .

repeat behaviors with favorable consequences, and avoid behaviors, and avoid behaviors with unfavorable consequences

the law of effect refers to the tendency to . . .

mnemonic devices

the method of loci and the peg word system are both examples of . . .

positive reinforer

the more often matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum the more frequently he loses his temper. in this case, scolding serves as a _____ for matthews temper tantrums

short term or working memory

the part of our memory system we are consciously aware of its called

hypnotic induction

the process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject is called

getting information into memory

the process of encoding refers to . . .

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage is called

skinner

the psychologist most closely studied with the study of operant conditioning was . . .

allows us to recuperate form the daily wear and tear on our bodies

the restorative theory of sleep explains that sleep

at the beginning and end of a list

the serial position effects predicts that it is more likely we will recall items

ultradian rhythms

the sleep cycles we experience are examples of ____ rhythms since thy occur more than once per day

narcolepsy

the sleep disorders characterized by uncontrolable sleep attacks is called

posthypnotic amnesia

the supposed inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because of a hypnotists suggestion to forget is called

divided consciousness theory

the theory that during hypnosis one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the roles other parts are playing is called

activation synthesis, information processing, physiological function

the three current theories try to explain why we dream are

encoding, storage, retrieval

the three steps of information processing model are . . .

sensory; encoded

the three-stage processing model suggests that we register information in ____ memory before it is ____ into long term memory

generalization

toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to feer speeding trucks and motor cycles. this best illustrates . . .

short term

"the magical number seven, plus or mins two" refers to the storage capacity of memory

it was safer for our ancestors to sleep at night

according to the preservation theory of sleep, we sleep because

depress activity of the central nervous system

barbiturates

a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by practice a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by practice

behaviorists define learning as . . .

past conditioning

bf skinner believed our actions are controlled by . . .

context effects

both state dependent and mood congruent memory depend primarily on which of the following memory

hippocampus; cerebellum

brain research indicates that explicit memories are processed in the ___, and implicit memories are processed in the _____

spindles

bursts of brain-wave activity occurring during stage 2 sleep are called

a pattern of biological functioning that accurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

circadian rhythm refers to

blocking the reuptake of dopamine

cocaine is snorted, free based, or injected, it produes a rush of euphoria by

more likely

compared to adults, children are ____ to experience night terrors

motivated forgetting

compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. their memory failure best illustrates

the loss of a learned response when there is no longer a consequence

extinction is

CS;UCS

extinction occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ____

motivated forgetting

forgetting a past stressful event because remembering would cause us pain or disappointment is called

encoding failure

forgetting information because it was never memorized in the first place is called

synapse

gap between neurons

an organism produces the same rsponse to similar stimuli

generalization occurs when . . .

mneumonics

george has learned the sentence "My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets" as a way to remember the name of the nine planets. this illustrates the use of . . .

increases

hypnosis ___ the likelihood of forming false memories

social interaction bewteen a hypnotist and a subject

hypnosis can defined as a

continuous reinforcement

if every correct response is reinforced, ____ is being used

partial reinforcement

if only some correct responses are being reinforced, ____ is being used

unconditioned response

in Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n) . . .

conditioned response

in Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) . . .

is the response to the UCS

in classical conditioning, the UCR . . .

slower

in later life, the parts of the brain usually active during encoding become

UCS

in the little albert exoeriment, watson used the loud noise of the banging steel bar as the ___ to produce the UCR of

positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves taking a stimulus away

in what was is positive reinforcement different than negative?

cycles occurring less than once per day

infradian rhythms refer to

retrieval failure

interference can result in

semantic

learning new vocabulary words by relating them to words with similar meanings utilizes which type of encoding?

significantly greater speeds

loftus and palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled . . .

binding with receptors or blocking neurotransmitter release

morphine is chemically similar to a neurotransmitter, so it causes the psychoactive effect by

endorphines

morphine work by mimicking the effects of

antisocial

negative and destructive behaviors are called . . .

neurotransmission

neurons communicate through a process called

receptor site

neurotransmiters move across the synapse and bind with a

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons

neurotransmitters are

watching others and modeling

observational learning primarily involves . . .

extinction

one of the most important reasons to use partial reinforcement schedules is to slow the rate of ____

prosocial

positive, constructive, and helpful behaviors are called . . .

previously learned information interferes with our recall of information learned more recently

proactive interference occurs when

binding with receptors, blocking neurotransmitter release, or blocking re absorption

psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmission by

closely resemble the chemical structure of dopamine

scientists discover that a recently developed psychoactive drug named "slap" blocks release of neurotransmitter dopamine. the chemical structure of "slap" must

we learned to pair them with primary reinforcers

secondary reinforcers are reinforcing because . . .

positively reinforcing behaviors that move closer and closer to a target behavior

shaping involves

repression

sigmund freud thought forgetting moved memories into an unconscious mine through the process of . . .

not being able to breathe at times during sleep

sleep apnea results in

hypertension, irritability, and suppressed immune system

sleep debt contributes

sleep debt

sleeping until noon or 1 p.m. on the weekend is an indication of

impact if factors such as peoples expectations about hypnosis

social influence theory states that the effects of hypnosis are due to

reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

spontaneous recovery refers to the . . .

information in our memory decays and is forgotten

storage failure occurs when

more than once a day

ultradian rhythms occur

THC

what chemical substance that alerts perceptions and mood by interfering with neurotransmitter function and also causes mild hallucinogenic experiences

melatonin

what hormone helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle

stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, REM

what is an accurate list of the sleep cycles

sweating in hot weather

what is an example of an unconditioned response?

in operant conditioning, the organism itself must receive a stimulus. in observational learning, the organism can learn by watching others

what is the main difference between observational learning and opperant conditioning

caffine, alcohol, and nicotine

what is the most commonly used psychoactive drugs

alcohol affects men and women differently

what is true about the effect of alcohol on men and women

bandura

what psychologist is known for his/her research with observational learning

regular use of caffeine products produces tolerance and users experience withdrawal effects without the drug

what statement is true about effects of caffine

discriminate

when an organism has been conditioned to distinguish between similar stimuli, behaviorists say the organism can . . .

withdrawal

when celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply f heroin, she began to develop tremors, fever, and an intense craving for the drug

misinformation and suggestibility can lead children to construct false memories

when dealing with child witnesses, memory researchers discovered that . . .

misinformation effect

when misleading information is incorporated into memory, the ___ has occured

attention, rettention, ability, motivation

which of the following is an accurate list of the conditions that must be met in order for observational learning to be effective

catching the flu

which of the following problems might be traced back to sleep deprivation

long term memory

which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity

interval schedules

which type of reinforcement schedules require the learner to wait a period of time after a corrects response for reinforcement?

ratio schedules

which type of reinforcement schedules requires multiple responses from the learner before reinforcement occurs?

recognition

which type of retrieval occurs when we correctly identify presented information such as on a multiple choice test

retrieval failure

while you are talking to your best friend on the phone you forget her name for a moment. this forgetting is most likely an example of temporary . . .

bandura's bobo doll study

you get in a debate about the effecrs of television violence. what study would be the most helpful if you are arguing that television affects behavior?

stage 1

you nod off during your latin class. according to sleep theory, which stage of sleep are you in just after you fall asleep

the new brand of cat food

you're watching a commercial in which your favorite musician is selling a new brand of cat food. the advertiser intends ___ to serve as a conditioned stimulus

explicit; implicit

your memories of your first grade teacher's name is an example of ___ memory. the skills you learned during that year, like writing or reading, is an example of ___ memory