psychology 3rd nine weeks
procedures, skills, and conditioning
implicit memory involve . . .
neural basis for memory
long-term pentiation is a(n) . . .
a subject might involuntarily manufacture a false memory and believe it is true
many psychologists are suspicious of memoires retrieved through hypnosis because
a type of learning in which the frequency of responding depends on consequences
operant conditioning is . . .
depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
continuing to rehearse even after information is stored in memory
overlearning is . . .
report significant relief from the pain of placing their arms in ice water
people can be hypnotically induced to
any consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated
punishment is defined as . . .
insomnia
recurring problems falling or staying asleep is the main symptom of
tolerance
reduced responsiveness to a drug, causing a user to take an increased dose, is called
practice
rehearsal is another word for . . .
any consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated
reinforcement is defined as . . .
psychoactive drug
a drug that affects our mood, behavior and perception is called a(n)
iconic
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ___ memory
hypnotizability
a person's ability to be hypnotized is called
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion made during the hypnosis session that the subject will carry out when no longer hypnotized is called a
infradian rhythms
a womens menstrual cycle is an example of
studying physis every night for one hour during the week before a test
according to the spacing effect, which of the following study methods would probably be most effective
LSD
after ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, carol experienced vivid hallucinations and felt as she she were separated from her own body. carol most likely experienced the effects of
retroactive interference
after learning the combination for his new locker at school, milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. milton is experiencing the effects of
generalization
after learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert rsponded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. this best illustrates . . .
controlling inhibitions and making judgements
alcohol tends to shut down areas of brain responsible for
brain waves
an EEG, pr electroencephalograph, measures
impaired concentration and a depressed immune system
an insomniac would most likely experience
triggers an unconditioned response reflexively or automatically
an unconditioned stimulus . . .
delta waves
at 1:00 a.m. luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. an EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of
information is captured with no conscious effort
automatic processing occurs when . . .
withdrawal
discomfort and distress that occurs when a person dependent on a drug discontinues use is called
skinner box
dr raheja places a rat in a small, glass enclosed chamber where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. dr raheja is using a ____ to study learning
hallucinogens
drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are called
stimulants
drugs that excite neural speed up body functions are called
depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions are called
UCS;CS
during the acquisition, the ____ is paired with a ____
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
echoic memory refers to . . .
we try to encode information
effortful processing occurs when . . .
a punishment
esme's mom cooks a big plate of cooked tofu as a reward, because esme cleaned her room this weekend. esme doesnt ever clean her room again. in this situation, the tofu might be . . .
positive reinforcement
ever since his mother began to give julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, julio discontinued his habit of bed wetting. his change in behavior best illustrates the effects of . . .
control pain; improve memory
research on posthypnotic suggestion indicates that a suggestion to ___ might be more effective than a suggestion to ____
some therapists use techniques that increase the likelihood a patient ill construct a false memory or childhood sexual abuse
research on repressed memories shows that
retrieval
retroactive interference involves the disruption of
information we learned recently prevents us from remembering information we learned previously
retroactive interference occurs when . . .
discrimination
the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called . . .
is correlated with increased aggressive behavior
the american psychological association's commison on violence and youth found that violence on television
a computer
the analogy for the human memory system used by information processing theorists is . . .
hypothalamus
the area of the brain most responsible for sleep cycles is the
neuron
the basic building block of the nervous system
observational learning
the bobo doll experiments in which children saw an adult hit a bobo doll and then imitated the violence themselves demonstrated the existence of what type of learning
awake
the brain waves you have during REM sleep are most similar to the ones you have when you are
brain and spinal chord
the central nervous system is made up of
CS
the conditioned response(CR) is the response to the . . .
is the originally neutral stimulus that gains power to cause the CR
the conditioned stimulus(CS) . . .
mild hallucinogenic experiences and mild relaxation
the effects of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, include
how long ago we learned that information
the famous ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" indicates that how well we remember information depends on . . .
repeat behaviors with favorable consequences, and avoid behaviors, and avoid behaviors with unfavorable consequences
the law of effect refers to the tendency to . . .
mnemonic devices
the method of loci and the peg word system are both examples of . . .
positive reinforer
the more often matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum the more frequently he loses his temper. in this case, scolding serves as a _____ for matthews temper tantrums
short term or working memory
the part of our memory system we are consciously aware of its called
hypnotic induction
the process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject is called
getting information into memory
the process of encoding refers to . . .
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage is called
skinner
the psychologist most closely studied with the study of operant conditioning was . . .
allows us to recuperate form the daily wear and tear on our bodies
the restorative theory of sleep explains that sleep
at the beginning and end of a list
the serial position effects predicts that it is more likely we will recall items
ultradian rhythms
the sleep cycles we experience are examples of ____ rhythms since thy occur more than once per day
narcolepsy
the sleep disorders characterized by uncontrolable sleep attacks is called
posthypnotic amnesia
the supposed inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because of a hypnotists suggestion to forget is called
divided consciousness theory
the theory that during hypnosis one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the roles other parts are playing is called
activation synthesis, information processing, physiological function
the three current theories try to explain why we dream are
encoding, storage, retrieval
the three steps of information processing model are . . .
sensory; encoded
the three-stage processing model suggests that we register information in ____ memory before it is ____ into long term memory
generalization
toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to feer speeding trucks and motor cycles. this best illustrates . . .
short term
"the magical number seven, plus or mins two" refers to the storage capacity of memory
it was safer for our ancestors to sleep at night
according to the preservation theory of sleep, we sleep because
depress activity of the central nervous system
barbiturates
a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by practice a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by practice
behaviorists define learning as . . .
past conditioning
bf skinner believed our actions are controlled by . . .
context effects
both state dependent and mood congruent memory depend primarily on which of the following memory
hippocampus; cerebellum
brain research indicates that explicit memories are processed in the ___, and implicit memories are processed in the _____
spindles
bursts of brain-wave activity occurring during stage 2 sleep are called
a pattern of biological functioning that accurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
circadian rhythm refers to
blocking the reuptake of dopamine
cocaine is snorted, free based, or injected, it produes a rush of euphoria by
more likely
compared to adults, children are ____ to experience night terrors
motivated forgetting
compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. their memory failure best illustrates
the loss of a learned response when there is no longer a consequence
extinction is
CS;UCS
extinction occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ____
motivated forgetting
forgetting a past stressful event because remembering would cause us pain or disappointment is called
encoding failure
forgetting information because it was never memorized in the first place is called
synapse
gap between neurons
an organism produces the same rsponse to similar stimuli
generalization occurs when . . .
mneumonics
george has learned the sentence "My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets" as a way to remember the name of the nine planets. this illustrates the use of . . .
increases
hypnosis ___ the likelihood of forming false memories
social interaction bewteen a hypnotist and a subject
hypnosis can defined as a
continuous reinforcement
if every correct response is reinforced, ____ is being used
partial reinforcement
if only some correct responses are being reinforced, ____ is being used
unconditioned response
in Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n) . . .
conditioned response
in Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) . . .
is the response to the UCS
in classical conditioning, the UCR . . .
slower
in later life, the parts of the brain usually active during encoding become
UCS
in the little albert exoeriment, watson used the loud noise of the banging steel bar as the ___ to produce the UCR of
positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves taking a stimulus away
in what was is positive reinforcement different than negative?
cycles occurring less than once per day
infradian rhythms refer to
retrieval failure
interference can result in
semantic
learning new vocabulary words by relating them to words with similar meanings utilizes which type of encoding?
significantly greater speeds
loftus and palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled . . .
binding with receptors or blocking neurotransmitter release
morphine is chemically similar to a neurotransmitter, so it causes the psychoactive effect by
endorphines
morphine work by mimicking the effects of
antisocial
negative and destructive behaviors are called . . .
neurotransmission
neurons communicate through a process called
receptor site
neurotransmiters move across the synapse and bind with a
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons
neurotransmitters are
watching others and modeling
observational learning primarily involves . . .
extinction
one of the most important reasons to use partial reinforcement schedules is to slow the rate of ____
prosocial
positive, constructive, and helpful behaviors are called . . .
previously learned information interferes with our recall of information learned more recently
proactive interference occurs when
binding with receptors, blocking neurotransmitter release, or blocking re absorption
psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmission by
closely resemble the chemical structure of dopamine
scientists discover that a recently developed psychoactive drug named "slap" blocks release of neurotransmitter dopamine. the chemical structure of "slap" must
we learned to pair them with primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcers are reinforcing because . . .
positively reinforcing behaviors that move closer and closer to a target behavior
shaping involves
repression
sigmund freud thought forgetting moved memories into an unconscious mine through the process of . . .
not being able to breathe at times during sleep
sleep apnea results in
hypertension, irritability, and suppressed immune system
sleep debt contributes
sleep debt
sleeping until noon or 1 p.m. on the weekend is an indication of
impact if factors such as peoples expectations about hypnosis
social influence theory states that the effects of hypnosis are due to
reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery refers to the . . .
information in our memory decays and is forgotten
storage failure occurs when
more than once a day
ultradian rhythms occur
THC
what chemical substance that alerts perceptions and mood by interfering with neurotransmitter function and also causes mild hallucinogenic experiences
melatonin
what hormone helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle
stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4, REM
what is an accurate list of the sleep cycles
sweating in hot weather
what is an example of an unconditioned response?
in operant conditioning, the organism itself must receive a stimulus. in observational learning, the organism can learn by watching others
what is the main difference between observational learning and opperant conditioning
caffine, alcohol, and nicotine
what is the most commonly used psychoactive drugs
alcohol affects men and women differently
what is true about the effect of alcohol on men and women
bandura
what psychologist is known for his/her research with observational learning
regular use of caffeine products produces tolerance and users experience withdrawal effects without the drug
what statement is true about effects of caffine
discriminate
when an organism has been conditioned to distinguish between similar stimuli, behaviorists say the organism can . . .
withdrawal
when celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply f heroin, she began to develop tremors, fever, and an intense craving for the drug
misinformation and suggestibility can lead children to construct false memories
when dealing with child witnesses, memory researchers discovered that . . .
misinformation effect
when misleading information is incorporated into memory, the ___ has occured
attention, rettention, ability, motivation
which of the following is an accurate list of the conditions that must be met in order for observational learning to be effective
catching the flu
which of the following problems might be traced back to sleep deprivation
long term memory
which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity
interval schedules
which type of reinforcement schedules require the learner to wait a period of time after a corrects response for reinforcement?
ratio schedules
which type of reinforcement schedules requires multiple responses from the learner before reinforcement occurs?
recognition
which type of retrieval occurs when we correctly identify presented information such as on a multiple choice test
retrieval failure
while you are talking to your best friend on the phone you forget her name for a moment. this forgetting is most likely an example of temporary . . .
bandura's bobo doll study
you get in a debate about the effecrs of television violence. what study would be the most helpful if you are arguing that television affects behavior?
stage 1
you nod off during your latin class. according to sleep theory, which stage of sleep are you in just after you fall asleep
the new brand of cat food
you're watching a commercial in which your favorite musician is selling a new brand of cat food. the advertiser intends ___ to serve as a conditioned stimulus
explicit; implicit
your memories of your first grade teacher's name is an example of ___ memory. the skills you learned during that year, like writing or reading, is an example of ___ memory