Psychology 7A- Midterm II
Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______. A) salty; sweet B) bitter; salty C) sweet; sour D) umami; bitter
C) sweet; sour
Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is A) 8. B) 10. C) 18. D) 80.
A) 8.
To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of A) John Garcia. B) Ivan Pavlov. C) Konrad Lorenz. D) Robert Rescorla.
A) John Garcia.
The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that A) a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain. B)the brain operates like a telephone switchboard. C)separate areas of the thalamus process all of the sensory information at once. D)each neuron in your body can be labeled according to the shape and size of its axon.
A) a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain.
Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory A) consolidation. B) priming. C) retrieval. D) elaboration.
A) consolidation.
While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence. A) creative B) emotional C) crystallized D) analytical
A) creative
Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the A) engram. B) semantic web. C) hippocampus. D) medial temporal lobe.
A) engram.
Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ. A) environmental B) genetic C) learned D) inherited
A) environmental
Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence. A) fluid B) musical C) emotional D) crystallized
A) fluid
Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained A) for a few seconds. B)for several minutes. C) for a number of hours. D) permanently.
A) for a few seconds.
Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in A) free recall. B) cued recall. C) priming. D) spreading activation.
A) free recall.
For practical purposes, IQ scores reflect what Spearman considered to be _______ intelligence. A) generalized B) emotional C) crystallized D) fluid
A) generalized
Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your house cat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n) A) hallucinogen. B) amphetamine. C) depressant. D) opiate.
A) hallucinogen.
Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friend's A) just noticeable difference (JND). B) Gestalt perception. C) sensory code. D) absolute threshold.
A) just noticeable difference (JND).
A _______ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a _______ is a secondary reinforcer. A) lollipop; diploma B) glass of water; sandwich C) paycheck; hug D) report card; hamburger
A) lollipop; diploma
Occlusion is a _______ depth cue A) monocular B) binocular C) proprioceptive D) vestibular
A) monocular
The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers. A) morphine; analgesics B) Xanax; analgesics C) morphine; anxiolytics D) morphine; stimulants
A) morphine; analgesics
In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement. A) negative; fixed ratio B) negative; variable ratio C) positive; fixed interval D) positive; variable ratio
A) negative; fixed ratio
A team of psychologists administers an intelligence test to thousands of people to establish the performance average and variability. The team of psychologists has _______ the test. A) normalized B) confirmed the validity of C) standardized D) verified the reliability of
A) normalized
Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying A) savant syndrome. B) the Flynn effect. C) fragile X syndrome. D) Asperger's syndrome.
A) savant syndrome.
Young children playing tag in the park are engaged in A) social learning. B) latent learning. C) non-associative learning. D) habituation.
A) social learning.
When anyone in your family needs directions to somewhere in town, they turn to your uncle. He has the ability to describe how to get anywhere quickly and efficiently. He can also map out the shortest route between two places. According to Howard Gardner's views, your uncle's abilities reflect _______ intelligence. A) spatial B) intrapersonal C) practical D) naturalist
A) spatial
Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system. A) taste; olfactory B) taste; auditory C) auditory; visual D) olfactory; touch
A) taste; olfactory
The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that A)the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations. B)photons are perceived by a mental organ separate from the visual system. C)sensations and perceptions have a one-to-one correspondence. D)perception is essentially the sum of our separate sensations.
A) the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.
Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by A) trial and error. B) insight. C) observation. D) personal development.
A) trial and error.
Which is the best critique of the accuracy of flashbulb memory? A)Flashbulb memories may suffer from over-rehearsal. B)The retrieval of flashbulb memories is context-dependent. C)Flashbulb memories generally arise after a hypnosis session. D)Flashbulb memories are linked to one another based on shared characteristics.
A)Flashbulb memories may suffer from over-rehearsal.
Which of the following is an example of a person in the autonomous phase of skill acquisition? A)James's basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play. B)Denise is still learning the rules of basketball but has a pretty good jump shot. C)Frank needs more practice before he can pass the ball without turning it over. D)Devon is getting better at dribbling, but sometimes she hits her foot with the ball.
A)James's basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play.
Stage 2 sleep is marked by the appearance of _______, trains of spikes in the EEG, and also larger single spikes called _______. A)K complexes; sleep spindles B)K complexes; delta waves C)sleep spindles; delta waves D)sleep spindles; K complexes
A)K complexes; sleep spindles
Which of the following statements about learning is correct? A)Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior. B)Sensory adaptation is a moderately sophisticated form of learning. C)Learning does not involve changes in behavior. D)Learning can occur without direct experience.
A)Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior.
Which of the following phenomena tends to support color opponent theory as an alternative to trichromatic theory? A)Occurrence of afterimages with opposite colors B)Recognition of blue as a primary color C)Variety of photoreceptors in the eye D)Association of light wavelengths with color
A)Occurrence of afterimages with opposite colors
Which of the following is the best example of social referencing? A)Rachel is not hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she were badly injured. B)Will gets sick soon after eating a big bowl of chili and declares that he will never eat chili again. C)Three-year-old Jeannie gets a shot from her doctor. Later in the day she sees a picture of a woman in a white coat and pushes it away. D)Audra learns that when she eats all of her dinner, her parents let her have dessert.
A)Rachel is not hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she were badly injured.
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias? A)You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control. B)After meeting someone who, prior to the meeting, you believed to be rude, you say that you have always admired that person. C)You are much less likely to accept a task at work that is difficult for you than one that is easy for you. D)You prefer to solve challenging problems because you view yourself as intelligent.
A)You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.
Which scenario best captures the concept of context-dependent retrieval? A)You perform better on a driving test when you are in the car in which you learned to drive. B)You perform worse on an exam when you take it in the same room in which you learned the material. C)You perform well in a trivia game because winning money motivates you. D)You perform poorly on a writing assignment because you have been under a lot of stress.
A)You perform better on a driving test when you are in the car in which you learned to drive.
Aphasia, which is often the result of brain injury or disease, is a term that refers to A)a language impairment that occurs after language is acquired. B)the inability to learn language at a reasonable rate. C)impairments in reading that last into adulthood. D)the inability to speak a second language without an accent.
A)a language impairment that occurs after language is acquired.
If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely A)avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation. B)avoid self-stimulation unless you were quite sad. C)seek to use the self-stimulator only late at night. D)become tolerant to the self-stimulator and eventually stop using it.
A)avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.
Neuroscientists developed the non-matching-to-sample task in order to test whether A)brain lesions affected declarative memory. B)procedural learning was affected by declarative memory. C)cerebellar lesions affected procedural memory. D)frontal or temporal lesions affected implicit memory.
A)brain lesions affected declarative memory.
Though some people use the term short-term memory to refer to memory for recent events, like weekend plans, psychologists use the term to refer to memory that is limited in A)capacity, and to a duration of a few seconds. C)duration, but not capacity. B)scope, but unlimited in duration. D)capacity, but not duration
A)capacity, and to a duration of a few seconds.
Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain leads to an aphasia characterized by A)fluent speech, which may be garbled. B)difficulty in learning a second language. C)difficulty in speaking, but not in understanding, words. D)declining language function near the end of life.
A)fluent speech, which may be garbled.
Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should A)get a good night's sleep to facilitate consolidation. B)study through the night so the information is freshly consolidated. C)engage in proactive interference to limit the intrusion of old memories. D)study early in the day when you are feeling well rested.
A)get a good night's sleep to facilitate consolidation.
One problem that sufferers of _______ face is _______, a disorder in which people seem to be unaware of when they actually are asleep. A)insomnia; sleep-state misperception B)narcolepsy; sleep-state misperception C)insomnia; REM behavior disorder D)narcolepsy; fatal familial insomnia
A)insomnia; sleep-state misperception
When psychologists say that intelligence test scores are _______ distributed, they mean that the distribution of scores ________. A)normally; follows a bell-shaped curve B)positively; falls within one standard deviation of the mean C)negatively; falls within two standard deviations of the mean D)typically; is much more than three standard deviations from the mean
A)normally; follows a bell-shaped curve
Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not A)paying close enough attention. B)able to remember how to cut the hearts. C)able to reproduce the behavior. D)sufficiently motivated to cut the hearts.
A)paying close enough attention.
The results of experiments in which participants viewed ambiguous figures with verbal labels, then drew the figures from memory, showed that A)people are particularly sensitive to suggestion in the process of encoding. B)people are not particularly sensitive to information presented during encoding. C)visual images are recalled separately from the verbal labels applied to them. D)verbal labels have no effect on how we encode and retrieve visual images.
A)people are particularly sensitive to suggestion in the process of encoding.
Sensory adaptation is the A)progressive loss of responsiveness in sensory cells exposed to a constant stimulus. B)progressive evolution of sensory systems throughout human history. C)heightening of sensory responses to unfamiliar stimuli. D)heightening of sensory responses to familiar stimuli.
A)progressive loss of responsiveness in sensory cells exposed to a constant stimulus.
Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able to A)remember all of the details of every book he had ever read. B)play any song he had ever heard on the piano.C)remember an entire visual scene and reproduce it on canvas.D)provide the day of the week for any date in history.
A)remember all of the details of every book he had ever read.
In serial position studies, the recency effect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _______ during the delay. A)short-term memory decays B)long-term memory decays C)consolidation occurs D)sensory memory decays
A)short-term memory decays
Stimulant drugs generally A)speed up mental activity and neural transmission. C)slow down mental activity and neural transmission. D)counteract the effects of cannabinoids.
A)speed up mental activity and neural transmission.
The greatest adaptive, perceptual advantage to having two ears rather than one is that A)we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears. B)the head does not cast a sound shadow when there are ears on opposite sides. C)sounds seem more pleasant when heard with two ears. D)the cochlea functions more efficiently if both ears are functioning properly.
A)we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears.
Which of the following people is likely to experience the most serious case of jet lag? A)Marie, who drove for 12 hours from Pittsburgh to Boston B)Brett, who flew for six hours from San Francisco to Boston C)Michelle, who flew for six hours from New York to Los Angeles D)Jessica, who flew for two hours from Washington, D.C., to Boston after her flight was delayed for three hours on the runway
B) Brett, who flew for six hours from San Francisco to Boston
Which trait is the strongestindicator of an individual's susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion? A) Intelligence B) Imaginativeness C) Indecisiveness D) Introversion
B) Imaginativeness
The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information. A) Tower of Hanoi problem B) Monty Hall problem C) framing effect D) availability heuristic
B) Monty Hall problem
A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem. A) heuristic; constraints B) algorithm; heuristics C) heuristic; algorithms D) initial state; heuristics
B) algorithm; heuristics
The surgery that H.M. underwent impaired his _______ memory but left his _______ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing. A) implicit; explicit B) declarative; nondeclarative C) nondeclarative; declarative D) semantic; episodic
B) declarative; nondeclarative
Todd's parents promise him a reward of his choice if his GPA is above 3.0 for three consecutive semesters. A _______ reinforcement schedule is being used by Todd's parents. A) variable ratio B) fixed ratio C) fixed interval D) continuous
B) fixed ratio
Patient H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his A) brainstem. B) hippocampus. C) cerebellum. D) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______. A) algorithm; end game B) initial state; goal state C) heuristics; goal state D) operators; initial state.
B) initial state; goal state
Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to A) passive avoidance. B) learned helplessness. C) the law of effect. D) fear conditioning.
B) learned helplessness.
The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is called A) lateralization. B) linguistic relativism. C) the framing effect. D) the availability heuristic.
B) linguistic relativism.
A reluctance to take a risk that might lead to a loss of money is an example of A) the anchoring effect. B) loss aversion. C) the gambler's fallacy. D) algorithmic thought.
B) loss aversion.
Last night Enrico dreamt that he was walking through a strange city and was surrounded by tall buildings. According to Freud, the buildings themselves are the _______ content of Enrico's dream. A) latent B) manifest C) habitual D) literal
B) manifest
You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words"relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing A) hypnosis. B) meditation. C) psychedelic drug therapy. D) REM behavior therapy.
B) meditation.
According to the figure, about _______ of all people have an IQ score between 100 and 115. A) one-quarter B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds
B) one-third
Geno was just an average student in school, but he operates a very successful auto repair shop. According to Sternberg's views, Geno most likely has a reasonable amount of _______ intelligence. A) social B) practical C) analytical D) fluid
B) practical
Eyes and ears are A) sensory codes. B) sensory receptor organs. C) labeled lines. D) interneurons.
B) sensory receptor organs.
Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called A) sleep debt. B) sleep paralysis. C) REM behavior disorder. D) insomnia.
B) sleep paralysis.
Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus. A) can of food B) sound of the can being opened C) presence of you in the kitchen D) running cat
B) sound of the can being opened
A scientist hypothesizes that a given touch receptor cell will respond to contact of the thumb on a rough surface. To which of the following features of a touch receptor does this hypothesis refer? A)A vague border B)Its receptive field C)A combination of submodalities that are being reported D)A free nerve ending
B)Its receptive field
Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time? A)Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain. B)The juxtaposition of hot and cold metal scalds your skin. C)Any vibration of the pipes interferes with the normal functioning of your free nerve endings. D)The free nerve endings in your hand cannot distinguish between hot and cold sensations.
B)The juxtaposition of hot and cold metal scalds your skin.
Which of the following individuals is displaying superstition? A)Every time Jorge hears a certain tune, he thinks of the night he proposed to his wife. Today he heard a similar tune, which also made him think of the night of his proposal. B)The last time Rose hit a home run, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box. C)Ian was conditioned to laugh at the sight of a clown, but over time his response weakened. He no longer laughs when he sees clowns. D)After being bitten by a brown dog, Allison is afraid of all brown dogs.
B)The last time Rose hit a home run, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box.
Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat? A)Ivy uses this as an incentive to study hard for the SAT math section. B)Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section. C)Ivy ignores this information and earns a high score on the SAT math section. D)Ivy's preparation for the test allows her to earn a high score on the SAT math section.
B)Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section.
Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal? A)You take pages of detailed notes during psychology lectures to help you study. B)You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone. C)You create a list of the things you have to accomplish before leaving for spring break. D)You organize your room so it is easy to find your books when it is time to study.
B)You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone.
George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall A)an entire visual scene from memory. C)the first letters of words in a visual array. B)a row of letters in a visual array. D)the second of three sentences in a visual array.
B)a row of letters in a visual array.
In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes, humans have A)three specialized types of taste receptors: salty/sweet, bitter/sour, and umami. B)a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories. C)special locations on the tongue where each taste is processed. D)nearly twice as many salty receptors as the other types of receptors combined.
B)a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories.
Mental imagery refers to the A)earliest stage of skill acquisition, during which there is conscious awareness of efforts. B)ability to visualize images or events in our minds. C)concentration of the mind on a particular object or process. D)automaticity of our reading skills.
B)ability to visualize images or events in our minds.
A stimulus is A)something that is relatively long lasting. B)any sensory event that an individual can detect. C)anything that begins the process of learning. D)any mental or physical activity that moves an individual to action.
B)any sensory event that an individual can detect.
Monozygotic (MZ) twinsA)share half their genes. A)share half their genes. C)have the same IQ score. B)are genetically identical. D)are rarely physically identical.
B)are genetically identical.
Phonemes are A)words in a language that sound alike. B)basic speech sounds that make up languages. C)rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language. D)strings of words that are put together to form a sentence.
B)basic speech sounds that make up languages.
A circadian rhythm is a A)cycle of hormone secretion that repeats every week. B)cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours. C)progressive decline in synchronous brain activity during sleep. D)set of slow waves seen during stage 3 sleep.
B)cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours.
Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to A)gather new information to increase knowledge. B)deal with abstract information to solve problems. C)recall recently learned information to perform well on tests. D)adapt to everyday life by applying experience in a specific setting.
B)deal with abstract information to solve problems.
The Stanford hypnotic susceptibility test is used to A)gauge whether or not you will believe that a stage hypnotist is real. B)estimate whether or not you will follow hypnotic suggestions. C)measure the effectiveness of hypnosis in occupational therapy. D)assess the ethical standards of hypnotherapy.
B)estimate whether or not you will follow hypnotic suggestions.
The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to A)vibrate in concert with the surrounding air molecules. B)gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear. C)filter out sounds of low and high frequency. D)dampen loud sounds.
B)gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear.
The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests A)are positively correlated with life satisfaction. B)have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed. C)are consistently higher in women than in men. D)are negatively correlated with education levels.
B)have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.
Memory researchers define forgetting as the A)inability to retain information in working memory long enough to make use of it. B)inability to retrieve information from long-term memory. C)sharp loss of information after head trauma. D)process by which information is lost in transit from short-to long-term memory.
B)inability to retrieve information from long-term memory.
One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that A)humans always develop language skills, no matter what linguistic environment they are in. B)it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language. C)it is nearly impossible for children to master two languages before the age of ten. D)the later one starts learning a language, the better he or she is at mastering the phonemes in the new language.
B)it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.
Photoreceptors are the A)primary receptors of the vestibular system. B)light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina. C)vibration-sensitive cells in the inner ear. D)cells that relay information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
B)light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina.
Psychologists describe consciousness as one's A)ability to differentiate between abstract and concrete. B)perception of his or her own mental processes. C)awareness of the presence of other people. D)perception of time and place.
B)perception of his or her own mental processes.
Drugs like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD), and mescaline are classified as hallucinogens because they cause A)loss of consciousness and death. B)radically altered perceptions and sensory experiences. C)heightened euphoria associated with improved vision. D)total detachment from the surrounding environment and coma.
B)radically altered perceptions and sensory experiences.
While you are sitting in a park, you see a tulip that is exposed to the sun. Shortly after you notice it, the tulip is exposed to the shade. According to the concept of color constancy, you perceive that the color of the tulip has A)changed, based on your prior experience with objects. B)remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed. C)remained the same, because you cannot trust your sensations in bright light. D)changed, because tulips normally change in color due to the heat.
B)remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed.
According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to A)reread all of your notes the morning of the exam. B)repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam. C)associate each term you have to learn with an item in the exam room. D)divide each chapter into parts you can skip and parts you need to learn.
B)repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam.
In terms of prototypes and concepts, a desk is to office furniture as a _______ is to _______. A)hammock; home furniture C)milkshake; a beverage B)sandwich; lunch D)two-dollar bill; United States currency
B)sandwich; lunch
Drugs classified as depressants typically A)speed up metabolism. B)slow down neural transmission and behavior. C)increase the likelihood of the sympathetic nervous system becoming active. D)act as antagonists that block the effect of GABA.
B)slow down neural transmission and behavior.
Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the A)strong desire to withdraw from drugs. B)strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse. C)dysphoria associated with stopping a drug. D)temporary euphoria often experienced by drug users.
B)strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse.
In psychology, the word "noise" is defined as A)an unwanted sound B)the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus. C)the misclassification of a hit or miss in a signal detection experiment. D)a factor that is always manipulated in controlled psychophysical experiments.
B)the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus.
The fact that people with Williams syndrome have normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning suggests that A)language is directly related to all other aspects of cognition, and we cannot master one without the other. B)the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks. C)as concepts, intelligence and language are one in the same. D)spatial skills are closely related to language skills.
B)the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks.
The primary function of the three ossicles of the middle ear is to A)act as a funnel for sounds from the outside world. B)transmit vibrations to the inner ear C)deflect sounds from the inner ear. D)stand still as the outer ear vibrates.
B)transmit vibrations to the inner ear
Motherese is a A)language spoken only by women. B)type of speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies. C)simple form of language that parents teach to their children. D)term used to describe the attachment bond between mother and infant.
B)type of speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies.
Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how A)our behaviors are influenced by genetics. B)we acquire and process information to gain knowledge. C)sensory information is registered by sensory receptors. D)social influences shape behavior.
B)we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.
The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine A)who was likely to benefit most from vocational education. B)which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I. C)who among business leaders should be promoted into salaried, supervisory jobs. D)who is best qualified to attend the nation's top-tier colleges.
B)which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I.
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from A)unconscious thoughts and feelings. B)your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity. C)whatever events you experienced just before bed. D)a specific pattern of activity that emerges the same way from the brainstem every night.
B)your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity.
You do not act out your vivid dreams because A)your body is not actually experiencing the events of the dream. B)your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move. C)your brain does not actually communicate with your body during sleep. D)you can only act out events that you have experienced before.
B)your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move.
According to the figure, what is the IQ score of an individual in the 50th percentile? A) 50 B) 85 C) 100 D) 115
C) 100
Based on the original definition of IQ, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _______, even though the student's chronological age is _______. A) 10; 7 B) 10; 12 C) 12; 10 D) 12; 11
C) 12; 10
A group of parents are discussing whether music videos featuring scantily clad women are encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Which of the following processes is being considered by the parents as the reason that music videos influence sexual activity in teens? A) Observational learning B) Operant conditioning C) Classical conditioning D) Insight
C) Classical conditioning
Which mnemonic device involves mentally placing items in an imaginary room or space? A) Rhyming method B) Acronyms C) Method of loci D) Peg-word method
C) Method of loci
You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to A) a continuous reinforcement schedule. B) active avoidance. C) a cognitive map. D) shaping.
C) a cognitive map.
About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display A) fragile X syndrome. B) schizophrenia. C) autism. D) fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) autism.
Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this A) telegraphic speech. B) phoning. C) babbling. D) aphasia.
C) babbling.
Rules that govern how you can get from the situation at the beginning of a problem to the desired outcome are called A) heuristics. B) algorithms. C) constraints. D) operators.
C) constraints.
The bending of light by the _______ and _______ focuses a sharp image onto the retina. A) cornea; optic nerve B) optic disc; fovea C) cornea; lens D) lens; optic disc
C) cornea; lens
Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence. A) creative B) fluid C) crystallized D) practical
C) crystallized
Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as A) echoic memories. B) sensory memories. C) flashbulb memories. D) memory traces.
C) flashbulb memories.
A plot showing the range of scores on the x-axis and the number of people who got each score on the y-axis is called a A) normal distribution. B) mean score. C) frequency distribution. D) standard deviation.
C) frequency distribution.
The specialized receptor cells inside the cochlea are called A) photons. B) rods. C) hair cells. D) stapes.
C) hair cells
A sudden awareness of a solution in a problem-solving situation is called A) spontaneous recovery. B) observational learning. C) insight. D) latent learning.
C) insight.
People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have A) Asperger's syndrome. B) synesthesia. C) intellectual disabilities. D) fluid intelligence.
C) intellectual disabilities.
According to the duplex theory, we use both _______ differences and _______ differences to localize sounds. A) latency; convergence B) intensity; conflict resolution C) intensity; latency D) latency; frequency
C) intensity; latency
Scientists who study language are called A) psychologists. B) behaviorists. C) linguists. D) analysts.
C) linguists.
Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the A) hippocampus. B) basal ganglia. C) mammillary bodies. D) pons.
C) mammillary bodies.
The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age. A) social; mental B) emotional; social C) mental; chronological D) chronological; social
C) mental; chronological
A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe. A) locus coeruleus B) suprachiasmatic nucleus C) nucleus accumbens D) reticular formation
C) nucleus accumbens
The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain. A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) primary visual cortex C) olfactory bulb D) parietal cortex
C) olfactory bulb
According to _______ theory, behavior is influenced by its consequences. A) classical conditioning B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) cognitive learning
C) operant conditioning
In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon. A) sensory B) combat-specific C) perceptual D) modality-general
C) perceptual
The fact that _______ are relatively _______ to light explains why people have more difficulty seeing color in poorly lit places. A) rods; sensitive B) cones; sensitive C) rods; insensitive D) cones; insensitive
C) rods; insensitive
Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"—even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of A) habituation. B) extinction. C) stimulus generalization. D) second-order conditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
Your cousin is expecting a baby and excitedly tells you that she plans to buy lots of classical music to make her baby smarter. Which of the following is a reasonable response, based on what you have learned? A)"Great idea! But be sure to include Mozart, because his music works the best." B)"Great idea! But play the rock and rap CDs you already have; they'll work too." C)"Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter." D)"Save your money. Intelligence is 100 percent hereditary, so you can't influence your baby's intelligence after he or she is born."
C)"Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter."
Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent? A)Performance of adults 16 to 89 years of age on a number of individual verbal and nonverbal tasks B)The ratio of a child's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, then multiplied by 100 C)A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people D)The degree to which a measurement tool produces consistent, repeatable results
C)A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people
Why do modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group rather than using the original formula (mental age/chronological age × 100) to calculate IQ scores? A)The original IQ formula has been corrected to eliminate cultural biases. B)Children in the 21st century are expected to know less than children needed to know when the original IQ tests were developed. C)Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults. D)Modern-day IQ scores also need to take into account children's emotional and social intelligences.
C)Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults.
Which of the following describes the easy problem of consciousness? A)Accounting for differences in people's subjective conscious experiences B)Subjectively separating conscious and unconscious experiences C)Connecting conscious experiences to different brain states D)Assessing conscious experience through the verbalization of thoughts
C)Connecting conscious experiences to different brain states
Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity? A)Conscious decisions are immediately followed by activity in the motor cortex. B)Unconscious processes do not lead directly to human action. C)Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex. D)A conscious urge to move initiates readiness potential in the motor cortex.
C)Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex.
Which statement describes information likely stored in episodic memory? A)Paul remembers that all sides of an equilateral triangle are the same length. B)Brenda knows that the colors of the rainbow can be remembered with "Roy G. Biv." C)George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend. D)Mimi remembers the time of day she was born.
C)George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend.
Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy? A)Learning the colors of the rainbow with "Roy G. Biv" B)Remembering a list of unrelated words C)Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color D)Remembering a shopping list by "placing" the items along your route
C)Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color
Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests? A)Standardization establishes the performance average and variability; normalization controls the conditions under which the test is administered. B)Standardization determines the chronological age of the subject being tested; normalization allows for the testing of the subject's mental age. C)Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability. D)Standardization tests the subject's ability on verbal tasks; normalization tests the subject's ability on nonverbal or performance tasks.
C)Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability.
Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory research? A)They were short and would therefore be easy for subjects to remember. B)They would be easy for him to create at the time they were needed. C)They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them. D)Nonsense syllables had been used previously in earlier memory research.
C)They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them.
Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation? A)A week after moving into an apartment near railroad tracks, you no longer notice when a train passes. B)After attending a loud rock concert, your hearing is temporarily impaired. C)Unless they think about it, long-time workers at a bakery do not notice the aroma of bread baking in the oven. D)A clerk in a bookstore no longer looks up when the bell rings each time a customer comes in.
C)Unless they think about it, long-time workers at a bakery do not notice the aroma of bread baking in the oven.
Which of the following best demonstrates the simulation aspect of the function of consciousness? A)You can recall where you parked last night because you wrote it on your hand. B)You can "unplug" after a hard day's work by closing your eyes. C)You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo. D)You can tell that your friend is upset by the expression on her face.
C)You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo.
Which best illustrates photoreceptor adaptation? A)Your photoreceptors have evolved to see many different colors. B)You perceive the color red differently if it is placed next to the color blue rather than next to another red object. C)You find it difficult to avoid walking into objects when you first enter a dark room, until your eyes adjust. D)You are able to identify colors easily, except for differences between red and green.
C)You find it difficult to avoid walking into objects when you first enter a dark room, until your eyes adjust.
The experience of flow is best exemplified by A)a person tearing tickets at the entrance to a baseball game while smiling and greeting every ticket holder. B)an assembly-line worker bolting on automobile bumpers for three hours without a break. C)a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing. D)a portrait artist struggling to correctly represent the contours of a face.
C)a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing.
Regarding the concept of latent learning, John Watson is most likely to have A)been opposed to studying latent learning because he believed that all learning is innate. B)supported the study of latent learning because he rejected the idea that rewards or punishments impact behavior. C)been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable behaviors. D)supported the study of latent learning because it dovetailed nicely with his theory of the tabula rasa.
C)been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable behaviors.
Clara has found it extremely difficult to study for extended periods. She feels restless on many occasions and is constantly stopping work to check for messages on her phone. When she described these and other symptoms to her doctor, he prescribed a stimulant that eventually helped her to study. The most likely explanation for the doctor's decision is that the active ingredient in the stimulant A)blocks the movement of neurotransmitters inhibiting parts of the brain involved in problem solving. B)redirects the signals of neurons that excite brain regions associated with impulsive behavior. C)boosts activity in brain areas that coordinate higher mental functions. D)slows production of neurotransmitters that stimulate reward pathways in the brain.
C)boosts activity in brain areas that coordinate higher mental functions.
Attention is best defined as the A)information presented to your conscious perception. B)subliminal perception of information. C)concentration of the mind on a particular object or process. D)supraliminal perception of information.
C)concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.
The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you A)choose Pepsi because you like the logo better than the Coke logo. B)are asked to decide on the winner of a competition, and you arbitrarily choose the person that you think you know better. C)decide that it would be safer to drive rather than fly to your vacation destination, given all of the recent media coverage of plane crashes. D)always choose the route that is different from the last route you took when deciding what route to take while driving.
C)decide that it would be safer to drive rather than fly to your vacation destination, given all of the recent media coverage of plane crashes.
Damage to Broca's area leads to an aphasia characterized by A)fluent but nonsensical speech. B)difficulty in speech comprehension, but not in speech production. C)difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension. D)declining language function near the end of life.
C)difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension.
Anterograde amnesia involves a loss of the ability to A)retrieve old memories. B)retrieve information from sensory memory. C)form new memories. D)perform procedural tasks.
C)form new memories.
The social theory of hypnosis states that A)most people who are hypnotized slip into an altered state of consciousness. B)everyone is susceptible to hypnosis. C)hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist. D)meditation and hypnosis are actually the same phenomenon.
C)hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.
The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves A)noticing that a stimulus is present. B)detecting the absence of stimulus. C)interpreting what the stimulus is. D)deciding how to react to a stimulus.
C)interpreting what the stimulus is.
Imagine that you are trying to help an elderly aunt manage the chronic pain of arthritis. Your success is more likely if you suggest to her that the pain A)has completely subsided. B)is too intense to ignore. C)is very manageable, and that she is capable of coping with it. D)will only increase if she does not practice hypnosis.
C)is very manageable, and that she is capable of coping with it.
The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test A)lacks inter-observer reliability. B)has very high cross-test reliability. C)lacks test-retest reliability. D)has very high convergent validity.
C)lacks test-retest reliability.
When testing a split-brain patient, the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant A)point to an object with his or her right hand B)relax until the words come out clearly. C)point to an object with his or her left hand. D)nod toward the object with his or her head.
C)point to an object with his or her left hand.
Chunking information facilitates encoding because it A)increases the amount of information to be encoded. B)reduces the ability to tap into existing stores of information. C)reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded. D)increases the effort involved in encoding.
C)reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.
The optic disc is the part of the retina A)where most of the cones are located B)where most of the rods are located. C)that has no photoreceptors. D)that focuses light onto the rest of the retina.
C)that has no photoreceptors.
Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as A)the ability to briefly retain information in the senses. B)the long-term ability to recall events. C)the ability to store and retrieve learned information. D)the transfer of information between storage areas of the brain.
C)the ability to store and retrieve learned information.
Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZtwins raised apart. This offers proof that A)intelligence is determined by one's genetic makeup. B)adoption affects IQ scores more than biology does. C)there may be an environmental influence on intelligence. D)MZtwins raised together learn from each other.
C)there may be an environmental influence on intelligence.
The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which A)you remember details of events to which you are paying close attention. B)it is more likely that you will hear your name called if you are not looking at the person calling it. C)you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place. D)it is easier to hear the person you are talking to when it is quieter in the room.
C)you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.
When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______. A) 20; below 70 B) 20; above 150 C) 75; above 130 D) 95; between 70 and 130
D) 95; between 70 and 130
An animal's fearful reaction to a previously neutral stimulus can be unlearned by repeatedly presenting the _______ without the _______. A) UR; US B) US; CS C) CR; CS D) CS; US
D) CS; US
_______ learning is hidden until it becomes useful. A) Innate B) Observational C) Insight D) Latent
D) Latent
Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores? A) Occupation B) Size of the brain C) Reproductive success D) School performance
D) School performance
Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans? A) Alfred Binet B) Raymond Cattell C) Theodore Simon D) Sir Francis Galton
D) Sir Francis Galton
An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called A) a hierarchy. B) a skill. C) an exemplar. D) a concept.
D) a concept.
While your instructor is presenting a lecture with great theatrical enthusiasm, he fails to notice that several students have gotten up and left the room. This is an example of A) attentional blink. B) subliminal perception. C) hindsight bias. D) change blindness.
D) change blindness.
Today your speech will include sentences that you have never exactly uttered before. This illustrates the _______ capacity of language. A) telegraphic B) heuristic C) dyslexic D) generative
D) generative
Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory. A)episodic B) working C) semantic D) implicit
D) implicit
The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called A) habituation. B) acquisition. C) stimulus generation. D) imprinting.
D) imprinting.
You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated A) acquisition. B) shaping. C) the law of effect. D) insight.
D) insight
You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated A) acquisition. B) shaping. C) the law of effect. D) insight.
D) insight.
The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called A) intuition. B) creative thinking. C) abstract problem-solving. D) intelligence.
D) intelligence.
The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the A) iris. B) optic disc. C) fovea. D) lens
D) lens
The overwhelming majority of people who are classified as having an intellectual disability have a _______ disability. A) profound B) severe C) moderate D) mild
D) mild
The basic units of meaning in a language are called A) semantics. B) phonemes. C) linguistics. D) morphemes.
D) morphemes.
Suppose you are afraid of snakes. You become highly agitated even if you see a picture of a snake, but your fear disappears when you look away. In this case, your avoidance of snakes is being A) extinguished. B) cured. C) positively reinforced. D) negatively reinforced.
D) negatively reinforced.
When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference. A) retroactive; proactive B) hyperactive; retroactive C) hypoactive; hyperactive D) proactive; retroactive
D) proactive; retroactive
Your roommate wakes up and reports that she was dreaming about a large insect chasing her around your dorm room. She was likely in _______ sleep. A) slow-wave B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) rapid eye movement (REM)
D) rapid eye movement (REM)
Electrical stimulation of the _______ will rouse a sleeping animal from its slumber. A) hypothalamus B) basal forebrain C) pons D) reticular formation
D) reticular formation
This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound—a car backfiring, a dropped dish—causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of A) sensory adaptation. B) habituation. C) associative learning. D) sensitization.
D) sensitization.
You volunteer for a sleep study and the researchers discover that your blood oxygen level drops many times during the night. It is likely that you have A) sleep-onset insomnia. B) REM behavior disorder. C) narcolepsy. D) sleep apnea.
D) sleep apnea.
Priming is evidence for the idea that our memories are connected with one another, and that recalling one memory influences recall of another memory, a concept called A) free recall. B) free association. C) word association. D) spreading activation.
D) spreading activation.
A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event. A) percept; stimulus B) stimulus; response C) response; percept D) stimulus; percept
D) stimulus; percept
A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior. A) extinguishes B) weakens C) reverses D) strengthens
D) strengthens
The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience. A) objectivity B) reliability C) validity D) subjectivity
D) subjectivity
A chemical that encounters a taste receptor cell and excites it is called a(n) A) epithelium. B) umami. C) odorant. D) tastant.
D) tastant.
Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of A) babbling. B) linguistic relativism. C) overgeneralization. D) telegraphic speech.
D) telegraphic speech.
Believing that a coin is more likely to land on "tails" because it has landed on "heads"for the last four tosses is an example of A) confirmation bias. B) hindsight bias. C) the anchoring effect. D) the gambler's fallacy.
D) the gambler's fallacy.
The cognitive process of assessing information to select a course of action among several alternatives is called _______. One aspect of this process, called _______, is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or making an evaluation by comparing possible actions. A)decision making; framing B)judgment; framing C)anchoring; judgment D)decision making; judgment
D)decision making; judgment
Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory. A) sensory B) iconic C) echoic D) working
D) working
Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day? A)"Yes...uh...th...th...a...nks." B)"Yes, today has been very good." C)"Y-y-y-yes, I-I'm having a l-l-l-lovely day." D)"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."
D)"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."
Which memory involves what psychologists consider a long-term memory? A)Sally remembers a new friend's phone number long enough to write it down. B)As he leaves a concert, Juan is humming the band's final song. C)Steve has become adept at alternating between talking and texting. D)Anna likes to tell a story about the first time she saw her college roommate.
D)Anna likes to tell a story about the first time she saw her college roommate.
On a summer day, two women enter an air-conditioned office building after walking outside in the heat. Which question relates to the hard problem of consciousness in this situation? A)Were both women uncomfortable in the outdoor heat? B)Which woman experiences a greater drop in body temperature? C)What parts of the women's brains react to the temperature change? D)Do both women perceive the cooler air in the same way?
D)Do both women perceive the cooler air in the same way?
Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking? A)Which neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?B)What kinds of neurons relay information from the spinal cord to the muscles? C)How is perceptual information encoded and stored for later use by the brain? D)How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?
D)How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?
Which statement correctly defends the assertion that procedural memory does not stop with learning how to do a particular task? A)Conscious repetition of newly acquired data can aid in data retention. B)Mnemonic devices such as chunking can improve retrieval of information from long-term memory. C)Studying material just before bedtime and then going to sleep helps consolidate that information without interference. D)Repeatedly practicing an action can make one more skilled and effective at conducting that action.
D)Repeatedly practicing an action can make one more skilled and effective at conducting that action.
Suppose you drive the same route to school every day, passing the intersection of Main and Plum Streets. One afternoon, a car runs a red light at that intersection and hits your car. After that, every time you approach the intersection, your hands clutch the wheel and your heart beats faster. For you, the intersection has become A)an unconditioned stimulus (US). B)an unconditioned response (UR) C)a reflexive stimulus (RS). D)a conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)a conditioned stimulus (CS)
During the associative phase of skill acquisition, A)a person is consciously aware of all of his efforts. B)the skill can be done automatically. C)any thinking while performing hurts performance. D)a person's performance will decline significantly if he is distracted.
D)a person's performance will decline significantly if he is distracted.
Some psychoactive drugs work as _______, meaning that they artificially stimulate receptors in a neurotransmitter system. Others work as _______, meaning that they block activity at particular receptors. A)agonists; neuromodulators B)neuromodulators; antagonists C)antagonists; agonists D)agonists; antagonists
D)agonists; antagonists
In cognitive psychology, a prototype is the A)example of a concept that is unlike any other example. B)single feature common to all members of a category. C)kind of memory distortion in which all features of an object are blended together. D)best example of a concept that fits a particular category.
D)best example of a concept that fits a particular category.
The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that A)monocular cues are generally more complex than binocular cues. B)monocular cues require information from both eyes, while binocular cues do not. C)binocular cues are used mostly for Gestalt perception, while monocular cues are used for motion. D)binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.
D)binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.
A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has A)an atypical number of chromosomes. B)a rather long face, prominent ears, and extreme shyness. C)exceptional ability in a particular field but below-average ability in other areas. D)close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.
D)close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.
The depth cue of motion parallax accounts for the fact that while you are moving forward, you will perceive the A)farthest objects as moving fastest and in the same direction. B)largest objects as moving slowest and in the opposite direction. C)smallest objects as moving fastest and in the same direction. D)closest objects as moving fastest and in the opposite direction.
D)closest objects as moving fastest and in the opposite direction.
For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to A)pay close attention to what one is experiencing at any given moment. B)understand the practical function of internal mental processes. C)help troubled individuals restore their mental health. D)determine how various experiences result in different behaviors.
D)determine how various experiences result in different behaviors.
A team of psychologists has devised a new intelligence test. Some versions of the test have 20 questions, and some have 50 questions. Some allow the test-takers one hour to complete the test; others give the test-takers as much time as they need. From this information you know that this new intelligence test A)is norm-referenced. C)does not measure mental age. B)would not be appropriate for adults. D)is not standardized.
D)is not standardized.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that A)uses radio waves to map brain tissue. B)measures the rate at which glucose is metabolized in different parts of the brain. C)measures the amount of blood flow to different areas of the cortex. D)measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.
D)measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.
The hindsight bias describes the tendency to A)accurately recall the events of your own life but not others' lives. B)reconsider a decision based on new information. C)mistake a favorable decision as unfavorable. D)misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs.
D)misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs.
Linguists like Noam Chomsky distinguish between the specific words that are put together in a sentence, called the _______, and the meaning underlying those words, called the _______. A)semantics; syntax B)deep structure; surface structure C)phonemes; morphemes D)surface structure; deep structure
D)surface structure; deep structure
Ashley was telling her friend about a movie she saw last night when she realized she could not remember the lead actor's name. She could only remember that it began with a B.This is an example of A)the misinformation effect. B)proactive interference C)confabulation. D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
The notion of photographic memory compares most closely with which type of memory? A) Short-term B) Declarative C) Selective D) Iconic
Declarative
