Psychology ch 12
agoraphobia
"fear of the marketplace,
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?
Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
locus coeruleus
Located in the brainstem, the locus coeruleus is the brain's major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response. Activation of the locus coeruleus is associated with anxiety and fear,
serotonin
Low levels of serotonin predict future suicide attempts and suicide completions, and low levels have been observed post-mortem among suicide victims.
Gender Differences in Antisocial Personality Disorder
Men with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than women with antisocial personality disorder to. Women with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than men with antisocial personality to
Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?
Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.
People with these disorders display a personality style that is odd or eccentric.
avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
People with these disorders often appear to be nervous and fearful
histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder
People with these disorders usually are impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD was developed in Europe shortly after World War II. It is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis
psychological disorder is a condition that is said to consist of the following:
There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life. The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.
harmful dysfunction
Wakefield, who defined psychological disorder
Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________.
a delusion
generalized anxiety disorder
a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.
flight of ideas
abruptly switching from one topic to another.
Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.
agitation
orbitofrontal cortex
an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?
antisocial personality disorder
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
seasonal pattern
applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
diagnosis
appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms
Depressive disorders
are a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature.
Bipolar and related disorders
are a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
are a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Delusions
are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence
Anxiety disorders
are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
Mood disorders
are characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation (Rothschild, 1999). All of us experience fluctuations in our moods and emotional states, and often these fluctuations are caused by events in our lives.
People with borderline personality disorder often ________.
are impulsive and unpredictable
Compulsions
are not performed out of pleasure, nor are they connected in a realistic way to the source of the distress or feared event. include such behaviors as repeated and extensive hand washing, cleaning, checking (e.g., that a door is locked), and ordering (e.g., lining up all the pencils in a particular way), and they also include such mental acts as counting, praying, or reciting something to oneself
Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________.
are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex
Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
autism spectrum disorder
Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior?
avoiding eye contact
culture
behavior varies, what may be expected and considered appropriate
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
being outside the home alone
grandiose delusions
beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.
Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective.
biological
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
body dysmorphic
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
hoarding disorder
cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are. As a result, these individuals accumulate excessive amounts of usually worthless items that clutter their living areas
Etiology is another word for ________.
causes
ventricles
cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid
borderline personality disorder
characterized chiefly by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity. People with borderline personality disorder cannot tolerate the thought of being alone and will make frantic efforts (including making suicidal gestures and engaging in self-mutilation) to avoid abandonment or separation (whether real or imagined).
What is comorbidity?
co-occurrence of two disorders
Derealization
conceptualized as a sense of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings" (APA, 2013, p. 303). A person who experiences derealization might feel as though he is in a fog or a dream, or that the surrounding world is somehow artificial and unreal. Individuals with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have difficulty describing their symptoms and may think they are going crazy
Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."
concern over germs
A psychological disorder is a ________.
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Suicide
defined by the CDC as "death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior"
major depressive disorder
depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities (APA, 2013). In addition to feeling overwhelmingly sad most of each day, people with depression will no longer show interest or enjoyment in activities that previously were gratifying, such as hobbies, sports, sex, social events, time spent with family, and so on.
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
diathesis-stress
Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________.
different personalities
Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.
differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture
One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________.
difficulty relating to others
What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.
disorganized thinking
Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.
dissociative fugue
Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.
dissociative identity
Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________.
emotional deficits
dancing mania
epidemic swept across Western Europe. Groups of people would suddenly begin to dance with wild abandon
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?
excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
personality disorders
exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress or impairment (APA, 2013). Generally, individuals with these disorders exhibit enduring personality styles that are extremely troubling and often create problems for them and those with whom they come into contact.
persistent depressive disorder
experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder
panic disorder
experience recurrent (more than one) and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions). The symptoms of OCD have been theorized to be learned responses, acquired and sustained as the result of a combination of two forms of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning
specific phobia (formerly known as simple phobia)
experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?
generalized anxiety disorder
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
American Psychiatric Association
harmful dysfunction model are incorporated in a formal definition of psychological disorder developed by
Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months.
higher; lower
study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________.
if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment
obsessions
include concerns about germs and contamination, doubts ("Did I turn the water off?"), order and symmetry ("I need all the spoons in the tray to be arranged a certain way"), and urges that are aggressive or lustful
flashbacks
individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment
diathesis-stress model
integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.
psychological disorder
is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Schizophrenia
is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. About 1% of the population experiences schizophrenia in their lifetime, and usually the disorder is first diagnosed during early adulthood (early to mid-20s).
classical conditioning
is a form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), eliciting the same response through its association with the unconditioned stimulus
Mania
is a state of extreme elation and agitation.
manic episode
is characterized as a "distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week," that lasts most of the time each day. ome experience a mood that is almost euphoric and become excessively talkative, sometimes spontaneously starting conversations with strangers; others become excessively irritable and complain or make hostile comments
Social anxiety disorder
is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others (APA, 2013).
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.
panic attack
is defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes. Its symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying. panic attacks are classical conditioning
depersonalization
is defined as feelings of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one's whole self or from aspects of the self" (APA, 2013, p. 302). Individuals who experience depersonalization might believe their thoughts and feelings are not their own; they may feel robotic as though they lack control over their movements and speech; they may experience a distorted sense of time and, in extreme cases, they may sense an "out-of-body" experience in which they see themselves from the vantage point of another person.
somatic delusion
is the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body
Rumination
is the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting one's self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner
Psychopathology
is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.
dissociative amnesia
is unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience such as combat, natural disasters, or being the victim of violence.
Which of the following is an example of avolition?
lack of motivation to bathe yourself D. refusing to speak
Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they
lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life
hallucination
main symptoms of schizophrenia. perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation
A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________.
major depressive disorder
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
mania
bipolar disorder
manic depression. experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania; that is, the person's mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other
Dissociative amnesia involves ________.
memory loss following stress
safety behaviors
mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.
Which of the following best illustrates a compulsion?
mentally counting backward from 1,000
autism spectrum disorder
most misunderstood and puzzling of the neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with this disorder show signs of significant disturbances in three main areas: (a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication, and (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests. These disturbances appear early in life and cause serious impairments in functioning
dissociative identity disorder
most well-known dissociative disorder. exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another. They also experience memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge
Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?
narcissistic personality disorder
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
number of classification systems that is used by most mental health professionals in the United States. published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is more valued for research
Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?
orbitofrontal cortex
Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
organizing the books
________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
paranoid
prodromal symptoms
people who show minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functioning
Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________.
periods of extreme elation and euphoria
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
phobia
peripartum onset
postpartum depression applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child
ordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
hopelessness theory
postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
dopamine hypothesis
proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
posttraumatic stress disorder
psychological disorders Extremely stressful or traumatic events, such as combat, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, place the people who experience them at an increased risk for developing
Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.
psychotic
Disorganized thinking
refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says.
Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
refers to unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors (giggling and self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repeated and purposeless movements, or displaying odd facial expressions and gestures.
What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?
repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts
Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of ADHD?
restricted and fixated interest
Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.
retardation
body dysmorphic disorder
s preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
modeling
second pathway of phobia acquisition is through vicarious learning
Which of the following elevates the risk for developing PTSD?
severity of the trauma
catatonic behaviors
show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior.
antisocial personality disorder
sometimes referred to as psychopathy) shows no regard at all for other people's rights or feelings. This lack of regard is exhibited a number of ways and can include repeatedly performing illegal acts, lying to or conning others, impulsivity and recklessness, irritability and aggressiveness toward others, and failure to act in a responsible way
________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.
suicidal ideation
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
symptoms of this disorder were first described by Hans Hoffman in the 1920s
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two disorders
In the harmful dysfunction definition of psychological disorders, dysfunction involves ________.
the inability of an psychological mechanism to perform its function
dissociative fugue
they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity
Negative symptoms
those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
suicidal ideation:
thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.
supernatural
to a force beyond scientific understanding.
marijuana use.
variable that is linked to schizophrenia
heritability
views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________.
vulnerability and adverse experiences
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.
wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
atypical
would deviate from the norm, and could signify the presence of a psychological disorder. it does not mean its a disorder.