Psychology Ch. 14 & 15

1. A guest on a TV talk show claims that "major depressive disorder is not a psychological problem; it's a disease that can be medically treated." Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this claim.

Strengths: - treatment methods are available - hereditary - sometimes out of the hands of a patient, like a disease Weaknesses: - not guaranteed to be "treatable" - actually is a psychological disorder - can be the result of life experiences

38. Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from electroconvulsive therapy? a. Mark, who feels so depressed that he recently tried to commit suicide b. Jim, who experiences visual hallucinations and suffers from a delusion that enemy spies are following him c. Luke, who suffers from a compulsion to wash his hands at least once every 15 minutes d. Mary, who suffers from amnesia and has lost her sense of identity

a. Mark, who feels so depressed that he recently tried to commit suicide

25. Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients a. become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses. b. feel more trusting toward others. c. develop greater self-esteem. d. focus on their immediate conscious feelings.

a. become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses.

36. In one study, people were taught to attribute their compulsive urges to abnormal brain functioning. Instead of giving in to an urge, they participated in an alternative activity that engaged other parts of the brain. This strategy for dealing with their difficulty best illustrates a. cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. psychodynamic therapy. d. biomedical therapy.

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

43. Melanie's therapist suggests that when she feels anxious, she should attribute her arousal to her highly reactive neurotic system and shift her attention to playing a game with her 5-year-old son. This suggestion best illustrates a. cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. client-centered therapy. c. psychodynamic therapy. d. systematic desensitization.

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

54. Transference refers to a client's a. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships. b. conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders. c. translation of threatening dream content into nonthreatening images. d. replacement of self-centeredness with a genuine concern for others.

a. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.

49. Which form of treatment is especially likely to focus on the goal of healing social relationships? a. family therapy b. behavior therapy c. cognitive therapy d. psychoanalysis

a. family therapy

31. When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as a. free association. b. transference. c. systematic desensitization. d. active listening.

a. free association.

6. Because the anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all, generalized anxiety is sometimes referred to as a. free-floating anxiety. b. compulsive anxiety. c. agoraphobia. d. posttraumatic stress.

a. free-floating anxiety.

2. Darlene is constantly nervous, tense, and apprehensive. She worries about her health, her job, her children, and her relatives. Her husband has tried to reassure her that everything is going well, but she can't seem to shake her pervasive anxiety. Darlene is probably experiencing a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder. c. normal anxiety. d. agoraphobia.

a. generalized anxiety disorder.

41. Naturally occurring ________ in drinking water has correlated with lower suicide rates across 18 Japanese cities and towns. a. lithium b. risperidone c. olanzapine d. chlorpromazine

a. lithium

8. A breakdown in selective attention is most likely to be experienced by those who suffer from which of the following disorders? a. schizophrenia b. phobia c. multiple personality d. dissociative identity disorder

a. schizophrenia

45. SSRIs work by a. slowing the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses. b. successfully leveling the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder. c. speeding recovery from delusions and hallucinations. d. stimulating the release of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

a. slowing the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.

5. Mira claims that alcohol use disorder is a disease that, like pneumonia, can be cured or prevented with proper treatment. Her belief is most clearly consistent with a. the medical model. b. the biopsychosocial approach. c. epigenetics. d. the maladaptive approach.

a. the medical model.

53. To help an adult client overcome fears of venturing out of his home, Dr. Ricci plans to use behavior therapy in combination with drug therapy. Which of the following drugs would Dr. Ricci be most likely to prescribe? a. lithium b. Ativan c. Thorazine d. Depakote

b. Ativan

35. Many self-help groups have emulated the use of ________ by Alcoholics Anonymous. a. free association b. a 12-step program c. systematic desensitization d. progressive relaxation

b. a 12-step program

28. Proponents of behavior modification have suggested that institutionalized patients can be weaned from ________ by shifting them to other rewards common to life outside an institution. a. unconditional positive regard b. a token economy c. a 12-step program d. drug therapy

b. a token economy

24. The DSM-5 is most likely to be criticized for a. attempting to explain behavior by simply labeling it. b. classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered. c. inhibiting scientific efforts to discover the underlying causes of psychological disorders. d. failing to base diagnoses on observable behaviors.

b. classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered.

30. Which form of therapy most directly encourages clients to question their reasoning, decatastrophize their thinking, and reattribute responsibility for past outcomes? a. psychodynamic therapy b. cognitive therapy c. humanistic therapy d. behavior therapy

b. cognitive therapy

34. A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses is called a. unconditional positive regard. b. counterconditioning. c. free association. d. transference.

b. counterconditioning.

39. Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those with a seasonal pattern of depression symptoms? a. psychoanalysis b. light exposure therapy c. EMDR d. behavioral conditioning therapies

b. light exposure therapy

9. Inflated views of self-importance are most characteristic of those with a. anorexia nervosa. b. narcissistic personality disorder. c. avoidant personality disorder. d. dissociative identity disorder.

b. narcissistic personality disorder.

22. A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly an example of a. the biological perspective. b. reinforcement. c. epigenetics. d. genetics.

b. reinforcement.

16. Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for a. dissociative identity disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. schizotypal personality disorder.

b. schizophrenia.

33. People often enter psychotherapy during a period of crisis in their lives. This helps us understand why they a. claim to receive the most effective treatment from highly experienced clinicians. b. tend to overestimate the effectiveness of their psychotherapy. c. prefer behavior therapies over other forms of treatment. d. seldom block anxiety-laden thoughts from consciousness.

b. tend to overestimate the effectiveness of their psychotherapy.

19. Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a. learned helplessness. b. the social-cognitive perspective. c. the psychodynamic perspective. d. linkage analysis.

b. the social-cognitive perspective.

13. Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety? a. Seth is upset because his girlfriend told him she wants to start dating other guys, and he is afraid that she will break up with him. b. The night before his final exam, Bill is unable to sleep because he is worried about doing well on the test. c. For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to sleep or concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe. d. Barbara has just found out that her company has been sold, and she is very worried that she might lose her job.

c. For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to sleep or concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.

7. An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by a. the DSM-5. b. field trials. c. a biopsychosocial approach. d. the medical model.

c. a biopsychosocial approach.

32. Which of the following procedures has typically resulted in patients becoming permanently lethargic? a. electroconvulsive therapy b. deep-brain stimulation c. a lobotomy d. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

c. a lobotomy

4. An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with a. learned helplessness. b. rumination. c. a manic episode. d. major depressive disorder.

c. a manic episode.

55. Although more research is needed, deep-brain stimulation shows some promise for the treatment of a. tardive dyskinesia. b. manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder. c. addictive drug cravings. d. auditory hallucinations.

c. addictive drug cravings.

12. Anthony is 32 years old, well above average in intelligence, and quite charming. He has swindled several older people out of their life savings, and he seems to have little feeling for his victims, nor does he fear the consequences of getting caught. His behavior is evidence of a. schizotypal personality disorder. b. borderline personality disorder. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. a dissociative disorder.

c. antisocial personality disorder.

15. Between 1994 and 2003, there was a 40-fold increase in the number of people 19 and under diagnosed each year with a. major depressive disorder. b. a seasonal pattern of depression symptoms. c. bipolar disorder. d. learned helplessness.

c. bipolar disorder.

52. Which drug dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli in schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms? a. Ativan b. lithium c. chlorpromazine d. Zoloft

c. chlorpromazine

26. Which biomedical therapy is administered via electrodes implanted in the brain? a. tardive dyskinesia b. electroconvulsive therapy c. deep-brain stimulation d. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

c. deep-brain stimulation

11. Several years ago, Darius was treated successfully for major depressive disorder, Today, after his successful treatment, he is likely to show an increased level of activity in his brain's a. right frontal lobe. b. ventricles. c. left frontal lobe. d. white matter.

c. left frontal lobe.

48. Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without triggering seizures or memory loss? a. psychosurgery b. antipsychotic medication c. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation d. the lobotomy

c. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

20. Persistent avoidance of social situations due to an intense fear of being negatively evaluated by others is most characteristic of a. panic disorder. b. free-floating anxiety. c. social anxiety disorder. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

c. social anxiety disorder.

56. A therapist who nonjudgmentally accepts and values a client even when aware of the client's personal failings most clearly demonstrates a. transference. b. progressive relaxation. c. unconditional positive regard. d. free association.

c. unconditional positive regard

37. Jordan experiences delusions of persecution, and irrelevant sights or sounds consistently distract him from things that require his attention. Which of the following drugs is most likely to relieve these distressing symptoms? a. Ativan b. Zoloft c. Depakote d. Thorazine

d. Thorazine

21. Juan's wife brought him to the emergency room because Juan could not remember his name, the names of his family members, where he worked, or any other personal information. Extensive tests at the hospital indicated that Juan's memory problems were not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or any other physical or medical condition. A clinical psychologist suggested that Juan might be suffering from a. dissociative identity disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. a fugue state.

d. a fugue state.

27. The relentless rehearsal of overgeneralized, self-blaming thoughts by depressed clients is called a. transference. b. systematic desensitization. c. aversive conditioning. d. catastrophizing.

d. catastrophizing.

40. Providing strategies that support the need for both self-acceptance and self-change is most clearly emphasized by a. client-centered therapy. b. psychodynamic therapy. c. systematic desensitization. d. dialectical behavior therapy.

d. dialectical behavior therapy.

23. Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by a. emotionless disengagement. b. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. c. binge eating and purging. d. disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.

d. disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.

50. Which form of therapy has played the greatest role in contributing to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in U.S. mental hospitals? a. cognitive therapy b. electroconvulsive therapy c. psychosurgery d. drug therapy

d. drug therapy

44. Many suspect that EMDR may be therapeutic because of its similarity to a. psychoanalysis. b. cognitive-behavioral therapy. c. aversive conditioning. d. exposure therapy.

d. exposure therapy.

17. In a study examining the genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder, researchers found that, as compared with the brain of nonmurderers of the same age and sex, the brain of murderers showed reduced activity in the ________, a brain area that helps with impulse control. a. reticular formation b. medulla c. pineal gland d. frontal lobe

d. frontal lobe

42. Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote a. transference. b. counterconditioning. c. systematic desensitization. d. insight.

d. insight.

29. Edith, a 45-year-old journalist, alternates between extreme sadness and lethargy and extreme euphoria and overactivity. The drug most likely to prove beneficial to her is a. Xanax. b. Zoloft. c. Thorazine. d. lithium.

d. lithium

3. One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions a. do not coincide with actual episodes of depression. b. are more clearly associated with mania than with depression. c. are more characteristic of men than of women. d. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression.

d. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression

14. On several recent occasions Sarah intentionally used cigarettes to inflict painful but non-life-threatening burns on her arms. Her behavior best illustrates a. major depressive disorder. b. dysthymia. c. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. d. nonsuicidal self-injury.

d. nonsuicidal self-injury.

47. MRI-guided precision surgery is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of a. bipolar disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. depression. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

18. Unlike those with bulimia nervosa, those with binge-eating disorder are NOT likely to ________ following binge eating. a. suffer indigestion b. experience remorse c. gain weight d. purge or fast

d. purge or fast

10. Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and their causes are characteristic of a. explanatory style. b. linkage analysis. c. learned helplessness. d. rumination.

d. rumination.

46. Virtual reality exposure therapy is most similar to a. dialectical behavior therapy. b. transference. c. aversive conditioning. d. systematic desensitization.

d. systematic desensitization.

51. Which of the following is most likely to contribute to inflated estimates of the value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing? a. meta-analysis b. randomized clinical trials c. a token economy d. the placebo effect

d. the placebo effect

57. Describe how a therapist might use both classical conditioning and operant conditioning techniques to help a client overcome a compulsive habit of smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day. Be clear about the exact procedures that would be used with each form of conditioning.

https://hubpages.com/health/Operant-and-Adverse-Conditioning-To-Stop-Smoking