Psychology Ch. 8: Human Development

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2 to 7 years

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?

A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?

A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds

Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? 1. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. 2. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. 3. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. 4. A woman has a difficult upbringing, but she is able to enjoy life and accomplish many things as an adult.

A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners.

Jaden's parents have very strict rules for him and do not give reasons for those rules other than "We're your parents, so you need to do what we say." His parents are using a(n) _____ parenting style.

Authoritarian

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves asserting independence for the first time?

Autonomy versus shame and guilt

According to Baumrind, authoritative parents are which of the following?

Firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them

Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.

Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories?

Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment

Which statements about development in adulthood are true? 1. Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. 2. Throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change. 3. People who face difficulties in life are inherently more mature than those who don't. 4. Development in adulthood is a much more passive process than in childhood.

Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives and throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change

According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents are which of the following?

Rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.

Which of the following are examples of cognition? 1. Hormonal changes during puberty 2. Being able to speak and understand words 3. Solving problems 4. Imagining a future occupation

being able to speak and understand words, solving problems, and imagining a future occupation

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?

biological inheritance

According to Erikson, at what age does the trust versus mistrust stage occur?

birth to 1.5 years

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? 1. Changes in the brain 2. Hormonal changes 3. Rapid skeletal growth 4. A reduction in telomere length

changes in the brain, hormonal changes, and rapid skeletal growth

Which of the following developments are typical of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt? 1. Children begin to take responsibility for their own actions. 2. Children must master academic skills such as learning to read. 3. Children's social worlds widen.

children begin to take responsibility for their own actions and children's social worlds widen

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns 1. Acceptance 2. Chronic dysfunction 3. Recovery 4. Delayed grief or trauma 5. Resilience

chronic dysfunction, recovery, delayed grief or trauma, and resilience

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

cognitive development

_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.

conception

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the ________ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?

concrete operational stage

Marissa is an adolescent who is trying to "find herself." Her parents are shocked when she announces she wants a tattoo and shows up to the breakfast table with purple hair. According to Erikson, Marissa is in the stage of identity versus identity/role ____

confusion

According to Piaget, _____ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.

conservation

Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?

grasped the idea of object permanence

Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in diminishing the functioning of the immune system?

hormonal stress theory

What term is used to describe the distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play, and what we are capable of?

identity

Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity.

identity status

Ramon is a freshman in college. He doesn't know what his major will be, and he has few ideas of what he wants to do in life. According to Erikson, he is in which of the following stages of development?

identity versus identity confusion

In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _____.

increase

Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the ______ versus ______ stage of development.

industry; inferiority

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, in which stage do children start forming friendships and taking on greater responsibilities?

initiative versus guilt

Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as _____.

intuitive thought

Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.

intuitive thought

Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? 1. Understanding of conservation is not yet apparent. 2. It is generally egocentric. 3. It involves logical reasoning. 4. Abstract thinking is not yet developed.

it involves logical reasoning and abstract thinking is not yet developed

Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, Mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts?

egocentrism

Children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

True or false: According to Baumrind's parenting theory, parents who are neglectful deliberately rear their children by putting few restraints on them.

false

True or false: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring mainly during infancy and childhood.

false

True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.

false

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? 1. Peer pressure 2. Family history of hair loss 3. Nutrition in early childhood 4. Eye color

family history of hair loss and eye color

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father?

female

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? 1. It is ruled largely by genetics. 2. It is an interactive role. 3. It is an active role. 4. It is a passive role.

it is an interactive role and it is an active role

Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? 1. It refers to social aspects of being male or female. 2. It is complex. 3. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female. 4. The term gender is synonymous with the term sex.

it refers to social aspects of being male or female, it is complex, and it refers to psychological aspects of being male or female

________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.

laterlization

In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?

low levels of androgens

Lucy is 2 years old and is most likely in Erikson's socioemotional developmental stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Which of the following statements are true regarding Lucy in this stage of development? 1. Lucy will now begin to acquire academic skills. 2. Lucy is discovering that she has a will of her own. 3. Lucy will begin to assert her independence.

lucy is discovering that she has a will of her own and lucy will begin to assert her independence

What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father?

male

_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

moral

______ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

moral

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? 1. Controls with little verbal exchange 2. Places limits 3. Does not get involved in children's lives and choices 4. Encourages independence

places limits and encourages independence

A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.

resilience

Ian is a 19-year-old who is asking questions such as "who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" Ian is most likely in _____.

Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? 1. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. 2. In this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences. 3. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations. 4. An important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets.

a child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric and children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations

Which of the following are examples of schemas? 1. A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind 2. The changes in lateralization that may provide adaptation in later life 3. A framework used for organizing information

a concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind and a framework used for organizing information

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? 1. A schema means that we are unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective. 2. A schema organizes information. 3. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. 4. A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

a schema organizes information, schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills, and a schema assists us in making sense of experience

____ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.

adolesence

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing ________ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages 1. Anger 2. Anxiety 3. Confrontation 4. Frustration 5. Sadness 6. Acceptance 7. Denial 8. Bargaining 9. Depression

anger, acceptance, denial, bargaining, and depression

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

cross-sectional

_____ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

development

Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying.

five

An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a ______ _____

gender role

The term _____ _____ is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female.

gender role

Which of the following Erikson's stages of psychosocial development occurs in middle adulthood?

generativity vs. stagnation

When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a _____.

girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? 1. Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior. 2. He ignores the role of Individual differences in shaping moral behavior. 3. He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. 4. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality.

moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior, he doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individuals rights, and he did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality

Which statement about physical changes in adulthood is accurate?

most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s

According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as _____ parents.

neglectful

The physical changes that occur during early adulthood include which of the following? 1. Physical skills begin to decline, 2. Hearing loss is very common with age, 3. Speed increases with age, 4. Strength trends downward.

physical skills begin to decline, hearing loss is very common with age, and strength trends downward

Select the three domains of development. 1. Physical 2. Psychosocial 3. Cognitive 4. Socioemotional

physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____.

object permanence

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____.

object permnence

Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that _____. 1. peers are involved in gender development 2. children are not fully socialized until Piaget's preoperational stage 3. peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate 4. Kohlberg was correct in his theory

peers are involved in gender development and peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate

Fred and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a ______ parenting style.

permissive

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation in which parents let their children do pretty much what they want

permissive

Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

postconventional

Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

preferential looking

The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is _____ behavior.

prosocial

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to this as _____ behavior.

prosocial

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage?

sensorimotor

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

sensorimotor

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.

sensory;physical

Children of authoritative parents tend to

show high self-reliance.

John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that ______ was the main determinant of gender.

socialization

Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? 1. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic. 2. Cognitive skills tend to decline sharply beginning in early adulthood. 3. People develop the ability to conserve. 4. One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective.

thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic and one major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

tempermant

_____ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

tempermant

_____ ____ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

terror management

Which of the following statements apply to Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? 1. The danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent. 2. The focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually. 3. It occurs in middle to late childhood. 4. The developmental task is one of forming intimate relationships with others.

the danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent, the focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually, and it occurs in middle to late childhood

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? 1. Infants assert their sense of autonomy. 2. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. 3. Infants need to develop more purposeful behavior. 4. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.

the outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs and it occurs during the first year and a half of life

The most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism is

the sense of invicibility

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____

throughout life

True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.

true

According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? 1. Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met. 2. The child (hopefully) develops a positive sense of independence. 3. Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good.

trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met and trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

trust versus mistrust

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver?

trust versus mistrust

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.

using the preferential looking technique

Which of the following provides evidence in favor of terror management theory? 1. When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs. 2. When reminded of their own death, people reject beliefs in heaven or life after death. 3. When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly.

when reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs and when reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly