Psychology Chapter 1 Test

1. Today is the 16th birthday party for Roberta and her twin brother. Their younger brother, age 14, and older sister, age 19, are in attendenace. The modal age of the children in this family is______.

16

in classical conditioning, the_____ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

unconditioned

Christy moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone where she moved to and spent the money she had saved for the move very quickly. Things cost much more than she had expected. She received little support from her family to pursue her college education. Still, she progressed and quickly earned her degree. She graduated at the top of her class. With respect to Sternberg's facets of creativity, Christy has a(n) _____ personality

venturesome

1. Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She does not remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she was not paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of: a) Repression b) Encoding failure c) Proactive d) Retroactive

b

1. Psychological research that requires subjects to participate in an experiment without the person giving his or her consent would be viewed by the American Psychological Association as: a) Poorly designed b) Ethical c) Unethical d) unfair

c

1. Regarding human traits, which individual would MOST likely agree with Aristotle a) Plato b) Descartes c) Locke d) Darwin

c

1. When psychologists note that the difference between two means is significant, they mean that the difference is: a) Large in magnitude b) Unexpected by the researchers c) Unlikely to have occurred by chance d) Important in a practical sense

c

1. Which statement does NOT contain a gross statistical underestimate or overestimate? a) The human brain has 100 billion neurons b) Almost 90 percent of the adults in this state vote Republican c) About 4 percent of the population is gay or lesbian d) We use 10 percent of our brain

c

1. Which statement is the BEST example of value-laden research? a) Dr. Mortimer does not use animals in his research b) Dr. Fernandez's line of research is on happiness in the prison population c) Dr. Andersons' line of research is on bilingual children because she grew up in a household learning two different languages and firmly believes in its positive effect

c

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This best illustrates: a) spontaneous recovery b) respondent behavior c) operant conditioning d) latent learning

c

In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, they made the best decision when they: a) went with their gut instinct b) made an immediate decision c) were slightly distracted d) thought about it for a few minutes

c

People more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles their _____ of a bird. a) phoneme b) heuristic c) prototype d) algorithm

c

Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have______ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that are different than what will affect dogs and humans. a) more b) no c) less d) equal

c

Taste aversion is a real-life example of which type of learning? a) latent learning b) observational learning c) classical conditioning d) insight conditioning

c

1. A measure of _____ is a single score that represents a whole set of score

central tendency

in classical conditioning, the_______ is an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a condtioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned

_____ thinking involves narrowing available problem solutions to the single best solution.

convergent

1. "He wanted to do for psychology what the Perioidic Table of the Elements did for chemistry." Lectures a psychology professor. To whom is the professor MOST likely refering? a) Sigmund Freud b) Abraham Maslow c) William James d) Wilhelm Wundt

d

1. A psychologist is reading dozens of studies examining the effect of external rewards on motivation. For each study, she considers the quality of its methods and the implications of its results for a broad theory of motivation. The psychologist is engaged in ______ thinking a) Skeptical b) Reasoned c) Abstract d) Critical

d

1. A researcher wants to determine if a new treatment program of yoga and vitamin A will improve test-taking skills in college students. To ensure that participants in the experimental condition are very similar to participants in the control condition, the researcher should: a) Let the participants choose whether they want to be in the experimental or control condition b) Ask for volunteers from a local yoga school c) Choose the first people who signed up for the study to be in the control condition d) Randomly assign the participants to the conditions

d

1. A tendency to notice and remember instances in which our premotions of disaster are subsequently followed by unfortunate events is MOST likely to contribute to: a) Overconfidence b) The placebo effects c) Hindsight bias d) Perceiving order in random events

d

1. A weak correlation is indication by a(n): a) High absolute value b) Negative sign c) Positive sign. d) Absolute value near zero

d

1. Aplysia is a(n) a) Memory defect b) Inability to recognize objects c) Heart condition d) Sea slug

d

1. Each choice is a main component of the scientific attitude except: a) Curiosity b) Skepticism c) Humility d) Common sense

d

1. Having a passion to explore and understand without misleading others or being misled exemplifies: a) Cynicism b) Intuition c) Skepticism d) Curiosity

d

1. If the points on a scatterplot show an upward pattern (both scores going up), the correlations: a) Approaching 0.00 b) Negative c) Neutral d) Positive

d

1. In an experiment, the process of random______ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in either the control group or the experiment group. a) Sampling b) Placement c) Selection d) Assignment

d

1. Janelle has five brothers who are 5, 7, 7, 10, and 16 years of age. The mean age of Janelle's brothers is: a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9

d

1. Josephine won the lottery twice, both with large jackpots. Her friends tell her to keep playing the lottery because she is on a lucky roll. In reality, the two winnings are: a) An example of beating the statistical odds b) A coincidence that cannot be explained statistically c) Causally related d) Random events

d

1. Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is that the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing ______ interference. a) Reactive b) Retroactive c) Progressive d) Proactive

d

1. One often hears that the United States is not keeping up with other nations with respect to educating young scientists. Trying to be proactive, a locl school board is encouraging children to pursue careers in the sciences. A psychologist advising the school board on the types of characteristics that are important in the sciences that teachers should look for each of the attitudes EXCEPT:

d

1. Our ability to recognize material can make us feel ______, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests. a) Uncertain b) Helpless c) Indifferent d) Overconfident

d

1. The BEST way to master material for a given test is to: a) Study for the test only on the night before it is given b) Utilize two massed practice sessions c) Study without rehearsal d) Use distributed practice

d

1. The______ can be particularly biased or misleading measure of central tendency when there are a few extreme scores. a) Mode b) Range c) Median d) Mean

d

A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing this week's word problems appear, they all may be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA. The teacher has offered his students a(n): a) analogy b) insight c) heuristic d) algorithm

d

Dr. Zane has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this task, Dr. Zane found that specific frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new catlike or doglike images. This suggests that the monkeys: a) have the ability to form syntax b) are not prone to functional fixedness c) are smarter than 3-year-old children d) can form concepts

d

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental bias that are especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology. a) biological b) developmental c) personality d) cognitive

d

Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey. a) mentor b) reinforcer c) scaffold d) model

d

People who make outstanding creative contributions to the arts or sciences are MOST likely to: a) be unusually sensitive to criticism of their ideas b) be strongly motivated to attain fame and fortune c) receive above average scores on tests of convergent thinking d) receive above average scores on tests of divergent thinking

d

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is most likely titled: a) human development b) cognition c) sensation and perception d) The psychology of learning

d

Which person is demonstrating creative thinking? a) twelve-year-old marcie is an excellent spelling bee competitor b) 34 year old Sasha is know as a problem solver who is very competent at solving math equations c) 17 year old David consistently scores well on various aptitude tests d) 41 year old Mary who invents various dishes that combine dishes that she has sampled from around the world

d

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

discrimintation

1. Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as

explicit memory

A(n) _____ refers to an inability to view a problem from a new perspective.

fixation

1. _____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

hindsight

After physicians are given case information and an autopsy report, they are very likely to presume that they could have figured out the cause of death with the case information alone. This tendency reflects an error in thinking called

hindsight

1. The leader of a self-help group has asked Devin to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Devin would MOST likely recommend an approach called_____ for this group

humanistic

1. Watson is to behaviorism as Rogers is to _______ psychology.

humanistic

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting several of these seasoned engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to this, Scott jumps up and yells, "Eureka, I've got it!" This is an example of _____.

insight

1. At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember the person's name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquantaince is called______.

interference

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought is called _____.

intuition

_____ learning is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior

latent

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called_______.

modeling

Jason is busy with a work that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Jason tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Jason decides to put the movie in right away. If jason's son stops complaining. Jason's behavior of starting the movie immediately may be maintained by______ reinforcement

negative

Pauline is learning how to play badminton. for her first lesson, her instuctor models serving the bridie while pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of_______ learning.

observational

1. Human strengths, virtues, and happiness are elements of an approach called _____ psychology

positive

1. The ________ is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

range

1. Was the first woman to be awarded a Ph.d. in psychology.

Margaret Washburn

Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream of something he actually experienced. This problem is known as ______

Source amnesia

Any event or object that evokes a response is called a(n)

stimulus

1. Also known as test-enhanced learning the _______ effect results in enhance memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

testing

In daily life, when one says one remembers some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage but also _____.

Retrieval

1. Cindy selects a sample of college students. She finds a relationship between the students' scores on an impulsivity scale and their scores on a measure of problem drinking. Cindy wishes to predict the likelihood that a new sample will show the same relationship. She therefor computes ______ statistics. a) Inferential b) Descriptive c) Experimental d) Operational

a

1. Drug R is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. The hypothesis is that 200mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The independent variable is: a) 200mg of Drug R b) GAD c) 25 percent d) The Hamilton Anxiety Scale

a

1. In terms of variation in data, averages that are derived from scores with_____ variabiltity are more reliable than averages based on scores with _______ variability. a) Low; high b) High; zero c) Moderate; low d) High; low

a

1. Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash he is able to remember verbal information but, has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his: a) Right hippocampus b) Left hippocampus c) Right thalamus d) Left thalamus

a

1. Mona remarks that she is interested in the effects of happiness on physical health and mental well-being. Mona's interest reflects the________ psychology approach. a) Positive b) Cognitive c) Spiritual d) Behavioral

a

1. _____ is a research technique in which behavior is described in its everyday environment a) Naturalistic observation b) A case study c) An experiment d) Survey research

a

1. _____refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. a) Mood-congruent memory b) Retroactive inhibition c) State-dependent learning d) Serial position effect

a

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. a) association, imitation b) sensation; perception c) conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors d) imitation; association

a

Fabian ordered chicken from a national chicken chain restraunt and became very ill immediately after eating it. Years later, Fabian still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the chicken chain or drives by on of its establishments. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the: a) bacteria that caused the illness b) illness c) chicken establishment d) queasiness

a

In the last few months of 2001, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as: a) the availability heuristic b) belief bias c) framing d) conformation bias

a

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of: a) instinctive drift b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) extrinsic motivation

a

This research device, developed by B.F. Skinner, contains a bar that can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. The bar is attached to a recording device. This device is known as a(n) a) operant chamber b) puzzle box c) effect chamber d) reinforcement box

a

Which statement about B.F. Skinner's beliefs is false a) skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society b) skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors c) skinner believed that enviromental conditions and other undesirable behaviors in society d) skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions

a

1. A fast-food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national newspapers. It claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight than do people eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bar graph simple bar graph displaying this information. What should you look for in the bar graph to make sure their claims are accurate? a) The sponsor of the research b) The scale labels and their range c) The median and variation of the data set d) The advertising agency responsible for the campaign

b

1. A theory simplifies things by: a) Creating new techniques b) Organizing isolated facts c) Rearranging environmental conditions d) Controlling environmental conditions

b

1. Basic research on persistent human traits, such as optimism and pessimism, is most characteristic of the specialty known as ______ psychology a) Social b) Personality c) Developmental d) Biological

b

1. During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates: a) Source amnesia b) Proactive interference c) Retroactive interference d) The spacing effect

b

1. Massed practice refers to a) Distributing study time over several sessions b) Studying for long periods without breaks c) Enhanced memory after retrieving information rather than simply rereading it d) A five-step active study method

b

1. Perhaps the broadest, most integrative approach in psychology is the ______ perspective. a) Psychodynamic b) Biopsychosocial c) Neuroscience d) Behavioral

b

1. Researchers today can use technology such as functional MRI scans to measure brain activity. Some researchers ask their subjects to describe elements of their experiences (for example, sensations, images, and feelings). This ______ technique is similar to the methodology of ________. a) Functionalist; Skinner b) Introspection; Titchener c) Behaviorist; Calkins d) Free association; Watson

b

1. Roderick is trying to decide between two schools for his 9-year-old daughter. Two schools state that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, which is higher than the norm of 100. If Roderick is MOST interested in finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which statistics about the intelligence test scores would he want to know from both of these schools? a) The range b) The standard deviation c) The mode d) The median

b

1. SQ3R is a method for: a) Increasing positive mood b) Improving memory c) Applying psychology d) Using critical thinking

b

1. Using these scores, identifying the range: 5,7, 7, 10, 11, 15 a) 20 b) 10 c) 5 d) 15

b

1. When testing those claiming to be able to see auras around people's heads, magician James Randi issued this challenge: "Then if I were to step behind a wall barely taller than I am, you could determine my location from the aura visible above my head right?" This type of challenge shows Randi's: a) Humility b) Empirical approach c) Gullibility d) Overconfidence

b

1. Wood and colleagues examined the value of self-affirmation, in a typical study, participants either engaged or did not engage in self affirmations. Later, their current self-esteem was assessed. Which answer correctly names and identifies the variables in this study? a) Experimental variable- self-affirmations; control variable- self-esteem scores b) Independent variable- self affirmations; dependent variable- self-esteem scores c) Independent variable- self-esteem scores; dependent variable- self affirmations d) Experimental variable- self- esteem scores; control variable- self-affirmations

b

1. In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the ______ perspective in psychology. a) Cognitive b) Social-cultural c) Neuroscience d) Psychodynamic

c

Auriele is a very attractive female who lives in Cleveland and loves American football. When asked to predict if it is more probable that she is a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the Cleveland Browns, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands of more schoolteachers than cheerleaders for the Browns in Cleveland. This illustrates the fallacy in reasoning known as: a) availability heuristic b) the representative heuristic c) the conformation bias d) metal set

b

How are the cerebellum and the basal ganglia involved in memory? a) The cerebellum is involved in explicit memory, and the basal ganglia is involved in implicit memory b) The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are both involved in implicit memory c) The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are both involved in explicit memory d) The cerebellum is involved in implicit memory, and the basal ganglia is involved in explicit memory

b

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of: a) classical conditioning b) operant c) instinctual behavior d) observational learning

b

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: a) operant conditioning b) classical conditioning c) observational learning d) imitiation

b

Most adults are more likely to choose a birth control method that is said to have a 95 percent success rate than one that is said to have a 5 percent failure rate. This BEST illustrates the impact of: a) overconfidence b) framing c) fixation d) confirmation bias

b

Newton ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating the pizza. Years later, Newton still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. Newton has developed a(n): a) bad attitude b) taste aversion c) fear of pizza d) unconditioned food aversion

b

To solve a problem, sometimes we resort to trial and error. If we want a guaranteed solution, we may follow a(n) _____, which is a step-by-step procedure. a) fixation b) algorithm c) heuristic d) prototype

b

Which statement is evidence for the enviromental, rather than the genetic, transmission of aggression? a) monkeys that were reared with their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults b) monkeys that were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults c) monkey siblings that were reared apart from their mothers showed greater aggression as adults d) monkey siblings that were reared with their mothers showed greater aggression as adults.

b

a guest will be spending time in Mrs bartos classroom. To make sure her students imitate this guest's prosocial behaviors, Mrs bartos should pick someone who the children think is: a) kind of average but works hard b) similar to them c) different from them d) boring

b

ever since she foolishly drank too much tequilla at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequilla. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____, and the conditioned response is_______. a) her best friend; nausea b) the smell or taste of tequilla; nausea c) nausea; loud music d)nausea; the smell or taste of tequilla

b

1. A research assistant is describing the experimental manipulation in detail to the participants. The research assistant is: a) Obtaining informed consent b) Conducting random assignment c) Debriefing the participants d) Providing an ethics review

c

1. A researcher is asking his participants to report elements of their experience as they taste a new soda. Participants need to report their immediate sensations, images, and feelings. What is the researcher asking participants to take part in? a) Functionalism b) Structuralism c) Introspection d) Behaviorism

c

1. After terrorist attack in Brussels, Sharon disagrees with others and believes that intelligence agencies could NOT have foreseen the event. Sharon is avoiding an error in thinking known as: a) Overconfidence b) Dual processing c) Hindsight bias d) The placebo effects

c

1. At the beginning of the school year, experts were asked to predict a variety of world events (for example, the province of Quebec separating from Canada). The experts reported being 80 percent confident in their predictions. However, their predictions were correct only 40 percent of the time. This result reflects a flaw in thinking called: a) The i-knew-it-all along b) Dual processing c) Overconfidence d) Hindsight bias

c

1. Dr. Aba is conducting a study to see whether there is a relationship between birth order and shyness to assess participants' shyness, Dr. Aba uses a questionaries: a score of 0-5 on the questionnaire indicated extreme shyness; 6-10 moderate shyness; 11-15, normal shyness; 16-20, moderate shyness; and 21-25, extreme lack of shyness. This use of the questionnaire establishes a(n) ________ of shyness. a) Replication b) Hypothesis c) Operational definition d) Theory

c

1. Dr. Jenkins is a psychologist who places a high value on humility. Which question is she MOST likely to ask herself? a) What do you mean? b) How does it work? c) Could I be wrong? d) How do you know?

c

1. For which correlation coefficient would the corresponding scatter plot reveal the LEAST vertical dispersion among the dots? a) +0.50 b) -0.10 c) -0.75 d) +0.05

c

1. John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates _____ memory. a) Iconic b) Implicit c) Flashbulb d) Echoic

c

1. _____ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

retroactive

1. A local school board is setting up a program to help prepare children to become scientist which attitudes should the teachers encourage in their students

skepticism