Psychology Chapter 10 personality
self-concepts
consist of our impressions of ourselves and our evaulations of our adequacy. rodgers believed that we all have a unique way of looking at ourselves and the world
collective unconscious
containing primitive images, or archetypes that reflect the history of our species, Jung's hypothesized store of vague memories that represent the history of humankind
pre-conscious
contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them
unconscious
contains primitive instincts such as sex and agression. some urges cannot be experienced consciously some urges may be kept below the surface of repression becuase they may cause anxiety
carl rodgers self theory
defined the self as the center of experience, your self is your ongoing sense of who and what you are, your sense of how and why you react to the environment and how you choose to act on the enironment
pleasure principle
demands instant gratification
social cognitive theory
developed by Albert Bandura, in contrast to behaviorism, social cognitive theory focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences. assert that variables within people-person variables-must also be considered if we are to understand people. situational variables include rewards and punishments. person variables include knowledge and skills,ways of interpreting experience, expectancies, emotions, and self-regulatory systems and plans.
JUNG
downplayed the importance of sex,believed we have a personal unconscious that contains repressed memories and impluses but also a collective unconscious analytial psychology, COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS,first to distinguish between extroverts and inextravert
humanism
the view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior puts self awareness at the center of consideration and argues that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior. also represented a reaction to the "rat race" spawned by industrialization and automation
eyesenck's personality types
chart of personality dimensions stable, unstable extroverted introverted, etc
stages of psychosexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
un-conditional positive regard
(Rodgers)begins in children when parents show them having an intrinsic behavior regardless of their behaviors at that moment. a persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all of the person's behaviors,basic acceptance and support given to a person regardless of what he or she says or does'.showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what that person says or does.
conditional positive regard
(Rodgers)begins when parents accept children only when they behave in a desired manner judgment of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct.
the thematic apperception test
(TAT), is a projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the test taker describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials, Asking participants to tell stories based on drawings of ambiguous situations.
sociocultural perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior,the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes
the human iceberg
According to psychoanalytic theory, only the tip of the human personality rises above the surface of the mind into conscious awareness. Material in the preconscious can become conscious if we direct our attention to it. Unconscious material tends to remain in mystery.
inferiority complex
Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy/inferiority stemming from childhood experiences serving as a central motivating force
self-esteem
How one views oneself, a feeling of good will with regard to how you feel about yourself; pride; confidence
psychic structures
In the psychodynamic theory, this is a hypothesized mental structure that helps explain different aspects of behavior. They cannot be seen or measured directly, but their presence is suggested by behavior, expressed thoughts and emotions. There are 3 total
first to distinguish between extroverts and inextraverts
Jung
analytial psychology
Jung's psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes
rorscach inkblot test
Most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
anal fixations
The behavior of people with what tends to exist at one extreme or the other.lead to anal-retentive and anal expulsive adults,
gender-schema theory
a cognitive view of gender-typing that proposes that once girls and boys become aware of their anatomic sex, they begin to blend their expectations and self-esteem with the ways in which they fit the gender roles prescribed in a given culture.
oedipus complex
a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love
electra complex
a conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her father and resents her mother
individualist
a person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to his or her own goals separate from the collective
collectivists
a person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals
projective test
a psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which the test taker projects his or her own personality in making a response
frames of reference
a system of reference points from which the position and motion of an object can be determined
extraversion
a trait characterized by tendencies to be socially out going and to express feelings and impulses freely
positive regard
according to Carl Rogers, accepting the client or counselee as he or she is, without imposing judgments or stipulations, Viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback received from interaction with others
individual psychlogy
adlers psychoanalysis that emphasizes feeling of inferiority and creative self
karen horney
argued that little girls do not feel inferior to little boys when they learn that don't have a penis, 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian & psychodynamic; Horney claimed that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts. She believed that Penis Envy doesn't apply to girls, though she did emphasize the conscious and agree with Freud to some extent. She was the 1st femenist in pyschology.
alfred adler
believed people are motivated by an inferiority complex,believed we all encounter feelings of inferiority because of our small size as a child and also that self awareness plays a major role in persoality formation
Erik Erikson
believed social relationships are more important determinants of personality than sexual urges. and that we are conscious architects of our own personalities , proposed stages of psychosocial development
Hans eysenck
british psychologist, focused research on relationships between introversion and extroversion and emotional stability-instability.
antisocial personality
characterized by frequent conflict with society and lack of feelings of guilt or anxiety
the humanistic-existential perspective
dwell on the meaning of life, self-awareness as the hub of the humanistic existential search for meaning, importance on personal experience. say we are all unique but do not predict the sorts of traits, abilities, and interests we will develop
ego identity
erikson, focus on who we see ourselves as being and what we stand for, or on sexual interests, a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
gential stage
final stage, adolescent males experience sexual urges toward mother and adolescent females towards their father. the mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender , the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation, adolescent and adulthood; attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood; center their libidinal urges on the capacities to reproduce and to contribute to society
behaviorism
founded by John B Watson, carried on by skinner, the situational or environmental influences, not internal, individual variables, are key shapers of personality. skinner suggests that environmental influences such as parental approval and social customs shape us into wanting certain things and not wanting others.
oral stage
freud argued that oral activities such as sucking and biting give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment. the first stage of psychosexual development, during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities, , 1st stage. First year of life; the errogenous zone is the mouth, primary conflict is teething
neo-freudians
freuds intellectual heirs
hippocrates
greek physician believed that traits ere embedded in bodily fluids.in his view a persons personality depends on the balance of four basic fluids or humors in the body. (Melacholic, Cholericm Phelegmatic, Sanguine) UNSTABLE-yellow bile associated with choleric(quick tempered) STABLE-blood with a sanguine (warm,cheerful) STABLE-phlegm with phlegmatic(sluggish calm, cool) UNSTABLE melacholic-black bile( gloomy, pensive)
Abraham maslow
humanist psychologist argued that people also have a conscious need for self-actualization
carl rodgers
humanist psychologist wrote that people shape themselves through free choice and action believed in client centered psychoanalysis
existentialism
in humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential, reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century
stanadardization
in psychological testing, the process by which one obtains and organizes test scores from various population groups, so that the results of a person's completing a test can be compared to those of others of his or her sex, in his or her age group, and so on
anal expulsive
let it all hang out, include carelessness,messiness, even sadism
self-actualization
maslow, to become all that you can be, State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way
observational learning
one of the foundations of social cognitive theory, refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others
phallic stage
penis and clitoris, children may develop strong sexual attachments to the parent of the opposite sex and begin to view the parent of the same gender as a rival for the other parents affection the third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic, oedipus and electra complex region, 3-6 year, (psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure
conscious
pokes into the light of awareness
id
present at birth, represents biological drives and is entirely unconscious, first psychic structure the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality.[5] The id acts according to the "pleasure principle"
trait
reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior, a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior.
anal stage
second stage of psychosexual development learning to delay gratification that comes from eiminatating whenever you feel the urge, gratification attained through contraction and relaxation of the muscles that control eliination of waste products, the second stage of psychosexual development, in which gratification is attained through anal activities
creative self
self aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the persons full potential
latency
sexual urges remain unconscious,a phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses , (6 to puberty) Dormant sexual feelings
psychosocial development
stage of trust v mistrust,eriksons theory of personality and development, which emphasizes social relationships and eight stages of growth
conditions of worth
standards by which the value of a person is judged
Five-factor model of Dimensions of Personality by goldberg
suggests that people especially men become more agreeable as they grow older, people who are anxious or depressed tend to score higher on the trait of neuroticism. 1.extraversion- contrasts talkativeness, assertiveness, and activity with silence passivity, and reserve 2.Agreeableness- Contrasts kindness, trust, and warmth with hostility, selfishness, and distrust 3.Conscientiousness- contrasts organization, thoroughness and reliability with carelessness, negligence and unreliability 4. neurociticism-Contrasts nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negativity stimuli with coping ability 5. Openness to experience-Contrasts imagination, curiosity, and creativity with shallowness and lack of perceptiveness
reliability
test of stability of ones results from one testing to another, in psychological testing, the consistency or stability of test scores from one testing to another
validty
test to which it measures what it is supposed to measure, in psychological testing, the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
objective tests
tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner; tests whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct
repression
the automatic ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from awareness
freuds theory of psychosexual development
the process by which libidinal(sexual instinct or sexual drive) energy is expressed through different erogeneous zones during different stages of development
gender-typing
the process by which males and females come to display behavior patterns consistent with stereotypical masculine and feminine gender roles
acculturation
the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes
Personality
the reasonably stable patterns of emotions that distinguish one person from another, A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to people's behavior.
ego
the second psychic structure of development characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification
super ego
the third psychic structure which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior
the psychodynamic theory
theorized that personality is characterized by conflict at first the conflict is external drives like sex aggression and the need for superiority come into conflict with laws, social rules, and moral codes, but at some point laws and social rules are brought inward and are internalized. then the conflict becomes between opposing inner forcs
introversion
trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses, a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones
anal retentive
traits involve excessive use of self-control, perfectionism, strong need for order exaggerated neatness ad cleanliness
psychoanalysis
used by freud to explore the unconscious mind, people are encouraged to talk about anything that pops into their mind while they remain comfortable and related
Sigmund freud
who concluded that the human mind is like an iceberg, only the tip of an iceberg rises above the surface of the water; the great mass of it lies hidden in the depts. argued that people are only aware of a small part of the ideas and impulses that dwell within their minds. also argued that a greater portion of the mind contains our deepest images, thoughts, fears, urges and remains beneath the surface of conscious awareness