Psychology Chapter 12 notes

ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Just-world hypothesis

theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them

Justification of effort

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

Ageism

seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

Aggression

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

Altruism

group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate

Asch effect

evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

Attitude

explanation for the behavior of other people

Attribution

a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time

Bullying

situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

Bystander effect

when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

Conformity

type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present

Consummate love

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online

Cyberbullying

describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

Dispositionism

capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels

Empathy

persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item

Foot-in-the-door technique

tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation

Fundamental attribution error

strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group

Group polarization

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Groupthink

tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar

Homophily

prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

Homophobia

aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

Hostile aggression

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

In-group

preference for our own group over other groups

In-group bias

culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

Individualistic culture

conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information

Informational social influence

aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain

Instrumental aggression

internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

Internal factor

conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group

Normative social influence

change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

Obedience

group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us

Out-group

one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message

Peripheral route persuasion

process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication

Persuasion

negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group

Prejudice

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

Prosocial behavior

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race

Racism

give and take in relationships

Reciprocity

act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Scapegoating

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Script

sharing personal information in relationships

Self-disclosure

treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs

Self-fulfilling prophecy

tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

Self-serving bias

improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone

Social facilitation

_________________ occurs when an individual performs a behavior worse when an audience is watching compared to when they are alone. It is more likely to occur when a person is performing a new and/or complex task.

Social inhibition

exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks

Social loafing

model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components

Triangular theory of love

Which of the following is the correct set of the three components of attitudes?

affective, behavioral, cognitive

A/an ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor?

foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Which of the following is NOT an attributional bias?

self-serving bias

Obedience has to do with changing behavior because of ____________, whereas conformity has to do with changing behavior because of _________.

social norms; social scripts

phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

Actor-observer bias

logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness

Central route persuasion

psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

Cognitive dissonance

person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design

Confederate

seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

Confirmation bias

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

Diffusion of responsibility

_________ topics refer to the individual, whereas _______ topics refer to dyads or groups.

Intrapersonal, Interpersonal

type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment

Romantic love

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

Sexism

humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Social exchange theory

group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

Social norm

negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

Discrimination

culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

Collectivist culture

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships

Companionate love

describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists

Situationism

field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

Social psychology

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Social role

Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

Stanford prison experiment

specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

Stereotype