Psychology Chapter 12 notes
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
Just-world hypothesis
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them
Justification of effort
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
Ageism
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person
Aggression
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
Altruism
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
Asch effect
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
Attitude
explanation for the behavior of other people
Attribution
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time
Bullying
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
Bystander effect
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
Conformity
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
Consummate love
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
Cyberbullying
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
Dispositionism
capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels
Empathy
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
Foot-in-the-door technique
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
Fundamental attribution error
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
Group polarization
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
Groupthink
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar
Homophily
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation
Homophobia
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
Hostile aggression
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
In-group
preference for our own group over other groups
In-group bias
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
Individualistic culture
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
Informational social influence
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
Instrumental aggression
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament
Internal factor
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group
Normative social influence
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
Obedience
group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us
Out-group
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
Peripheral route persuasion
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication
Persuasion
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group
Prejudice
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
Prosocial behavior
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race
Racism
give and take in relationships
Reciprocity
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
Scapegoating
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Script
sharing personal information in relationships
Self-disclosure
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
Self-fulfilling prophecy
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes
Self-serving bias
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone
Social facilitation
_________________ occurs when an individual performs a behavior worse when an audience is watching compared to when they are alone. It is more likely to occur when a person is performing a new and/or complex task.
Social inhibition
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks
Social loafing
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
Triangular theory of love
Which of the following is the correct set of the three components of attitudes?
affective, behavioral, cognitive
A/an ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
attitude
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, only to later request a larger favor?
foot-in-the-door
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Which of the following is NOT an attributional bias?
self-serving bias
Obedience has to do with changing behavior because of ____________, whereas conformity has to do with changing behavior because of _________.
social norms; social scripts
phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
Actor-observer bias
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
Central route persuasion
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
Cognitive dissonance
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
Confederate
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
Confirmation bias
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
Diffusion of responsibility
_________ topics refer to the individual, whereas _______ topics refer to dyads or groups.
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
Romantic love
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex
Sexism
humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Social exchange theory
group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
Social norm
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group
Discrimination
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community
Collectivist culture
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships
Companionate love
describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists
Situationism
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
Social psychology
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Social role
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts
Stanford prison experiment
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics
Stereotype