Psychology Chapter 12 Study Guide
paranoia
A PET scan study of people with _____ found increased activity in the amygdala
mania
A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as
bias our perceptions of the labeled person
A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often
stay close to home
A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to
distractibility
ADHD is most clearly characterized by
social anxiety disorder
An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of
bipolar disorder
Between 1994 and 2003, adolescents with strong mood swings were increasingly likely to be diagnosed as suffering from
hippocampus
By boosting serotonin, antidepressant drugs stimulate the growth of neurons in the
increase; increasing
Cocaine may _____ symptoms of schizophrenia by ____ dopamine levels
bipolar disorder
Mania is most likely to be associated with a(n)
social rejection
People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing
post-traumatic growth
Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises demonstrate
post-traumatic stress disorder
Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with
antisocial personality disorder
The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with
childhood obesity
The families of bulimia patients have a higher-than-usual incidence of
social circumstances and psychological factors
The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of
depression
The rise of Western individualism appears most clearly responsible for an increase in
schizophrenia
A breakdown in selective attention is most likely to be experienced by those who suffer from
be insane
A deluded Scotsman, Daniel M'Naughten, tried to assassinate a government official in 1843. He was sent to a mental hospital rather than to a prison because he was judged to
identify
A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to _____ various psychological disorders.
stimulus generalization
A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone wearing a coat that resembles the one worn by her attacker. This reaction best illustrates the process of
learning
A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a _____ perspective
sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are
sense a lack of personal control over their lives
According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to
two years
Adults who are diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia) experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least
agoraphobia
After Charles Darwin began suffering from panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by
observational learning
After watching her sister's fearful response to the sight of a spider, Kerri became intensely fearful of spiders. This best illustrates that a specific phobia can be learned through
increased personal strength
Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to
a specific phobia
An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of
agoraphobia
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of
facilitate the reliability of diagnoses
DSM-5 focuses on clinicians' reports of observable behavior in order to
classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered
DSM-5 is most likely to be criticized for
hallucinations
Dopamine overactivity appears to be most clearly related to
a biopsychosocial approach
Dr. McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. McIntosh's emphasis best illustrates
norepinephrine
Drugs that alleviate mania tend to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter
conversion disorder
During a stressful military battle, Fong suddenly went blind. When hypnotized by an army psychiatrist, his blindness vanished. Fong apparently suffered from a
panic disorder
Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of a(n)
somatic symptom
Every week, Ruslan complains to a doctor about swollen glands, heart palpitations, constipation, or some other physical symptom. He is sure these symptoms are a sign of cancer, even though more than a dozen physicians have told him he is physically healthy. Ruslan's behavior is most characteristic of a(n) _____ disorder
role-playing
Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of _____ in the onset of this disorder
delusions
False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called
free-floating
Freud suggested that for those suffering a generalized anxiety disorder, the anxiety is
adolescent and young adults
Groups that are most likely to hurt themselves by NSSI are
schizophrenia
Hallucinations and delusions are most likely to be experienced by those who suffer from
the medical model
If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system, this would most clearly give added credibility to
schizophrenia
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a "word salad"?
"I'm academically incompetent and always will be."
Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?
pessimism
Internal, stable, and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of
biological
It has been suggested that compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to the survival of the human species. This idea best illustrates the _____ perspective
biological
It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.
learning
Julius is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggests that Julius continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ____ perspective
phobia
Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from a(n)
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities. He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because he is easily distracted. Larry's behavior is most characteristic of
schizophrenia
Low birth weight is a known risk factor for
two weeks
Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least
social anxiety disorder
Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions. Manuel appears to suffer from a(n)
DSM-5
Many clinicians diagnose disorders by using criteria listed in the
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Matt is restless and often jumps out of his seat or interferes with ongoing class activities in response to the sound of outside traffic. Matt most clearly exhibits symptoms of
learning
Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.
psychoanalytic
Midori's therapist suggests that she developed a dissociative identity disorder as a way of protecting herself from an awareness of her own hatred for her abusive mother. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a _____ perspective
delusions
Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from
schizophrenia
North Americans born during the winter and spring months are at a slightly increased risk for
offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person
Obsessions are
one-half
Of all the twins who share identical genes with a schizophrenia victim, about _____ do not themselves develop schizophrenia.
only a few; only a few
Of those who talk of suicide _____ actually attempt suicide. Of those who attempt suicide, _____ succeed in completing the act.
avoidant
One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety is exemplified by the ____ personality disorder
hallucinations
One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes
participate more often in activities they consider pleasant and rewarding
One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression is to
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Phobias are most likely to be characterized by
a biopsychosocial approach
Professor Lindstrom emphasizes that eating disorders involve the interactive influence of mood, basal metabolic rates, and cultural standards of beauty. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
mood disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called
personality
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called _____ disorders
illness anxiety disorder
Rachel is convinced that her occasional headaches are caused by a malignant brain tumor. Although several physicians have assured her that she has no serious physical problem, Rachel continues to seek medical attention for a brain tumor. Her behavior provides an example of
adrenaline
Researchers have found low levels of _____ in 13-year-old boys who were later convicted of a crime as 18- to 26-year-olds
mass media standards of appearance
Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by
agoraphobia
Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of
chronic
Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time is called ______ schizophrenia
acute
Schizophrenia that develops rapidly, seemingly as a reaction to stress, is called ________ schizophrenia
thalamus
Schizophrenia victims have difficulty focusing attention. This is most likely to be related to a smaller-than-normal
hallucination; delusion
Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) _____. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a _____.
depression
Self-blaming attributions are most likely to be associated with
genetic influences
The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has indicated that the development of ADHD is a consequence of
rapidly in response to a stressful life situation
The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops
anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity
The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are
led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments
The greatest shortcoming associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of demon possession is that these explanations
reared apart from an identical twin who suffers the disorder
The incidence of major depression is greatest among those
begin to rebound from their depression
The risk of suicide is greatest when people
PTSD
The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illustrate symptoms of
stressful life experiences
The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by
their own self-importance
Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with
observable patterns of behavior
To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 typically bases diagnoses on
linkage analysis
To identify genes that put people at risk for depression, researchers have used
ADHD
Toddlers who watch lots of TV are, at age 7, more likely than average to display symptoms of
bulimia nervosa
Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
Two years after being brutally beaten and raped, Brianna still experiences jumpy anxiety, has trouble sleeping, and has vivid flashbacks of her assault. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of
hearing voices
Vigorous activity in the thalamus of schizophrenia patients has been found to be associated with
schizophrenia
Which group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?
Anorexia is only a women's illness
Which of the following is a common misconception about anorexia nervosa?
social-cognitive
Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression?
dissociative disorder
William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from a
alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism
bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by