Psychology Chapter 13

penis envy

in Freudian theory, jealousy of boys for having a penis

conditional positive regard

valuing a person only when the person's behavior meets certain expectations or standards

drive for superiority

Adler's term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Also called the will-to-power

individual pschology

Adler's theory of personality, whcih emphasizes the unique potential in each individual

central traits

Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations

secondary traits

Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations

cardinal traits

Allport's term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's model in which cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors both influence and are influenced by each other

outcome expectations

Bandura's term for our personal predictions about the outcomes of our behavior

efficacy expectations

Bandura's term for the expectancies we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish

surface traits

Catell's term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior

source traits

Catell's term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits

id

Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our basic animal drives and instinctual impulses

ego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations

superego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory of personality, which holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts

pleasure principle

In Freud's theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs

personal unconscious

Jung's term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of the individual's repressed memories and impulses

archetypes

Jung's term for the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings

person variables

Mischel's term for internal personal factors that influence behavior, including competencies, expectancies, and subjective values

self theory

Rogers's model of personality, which focuses on the importance of the self

self-ideal

Rogers's term for the idealized sense of who or what we should be

preconscious

To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention

social-cognitive theory

a contemporary learning based model that emphasizes the roles played by both cognitive factors and environmental or situational factors in determining behavior

individualistic culture

a culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments

collective culture

a culture that emphasizes people's social roles and obligations

fixations

constellations of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage

inferiority complex

in Adler's theory, the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome

creative self

in Adler's theory, the self-aware part of personolity that organizes goal-seeking efforts

regression

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

displacement

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse

reaction formation

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of them

sublimation

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests

denial

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge

projection

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes or urges onto another person

rationalization

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses or ideas

anal-expulsive personality

in Freudian theory, a personality type characterize by messiness, lack of self-discipline, and carelessness

anal-retentive personality

in Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive need for self control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality

repression

in Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material

genital stage

in Freudian theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation

oral stage

in Freudian theory, the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing and biting)

latency stage

in Freudian theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation

reality principle

in Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs

conscious

in Freudian theory, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness

unconscious

in Freudian theory, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains primitive drives or instincts and unacceptable urges, wishes, or ideas

Oedipus complex

in Freudian theory, the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and views the parent of the same gender as a rival

defense mechanisms

in Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-provoking or troubling ideas or impulses

anal stage

in Freudian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents)

phallic stage

in Freudian theory, the third stage in psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention of the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus complex

castration anxiety

in Freudian theory, unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses

basic anxiety

in Horney's theory, a deep seated form of anxiety in children that is associated with feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world perceived as potentially life threatening and hostile

basic hostility

in Horney's theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents

collective unconscious

in Jung's theory, a part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal images shard among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans

locus of control

in Rotter's theory, one's general expectancies about whether one's efforts can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements

expectancies

in social-cognitive theory, personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior

subjective value

in social-cognitive theory, the importance that individuals place on desired outcomes

erogenous zones

parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation

projective tests

personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person's unconscious needs, drives, and motives

objective tests

personality tests that can be scored objectively because the response options are limited and because items were derived on the basis of research evidence

traits

relatively enduring personal characterisitics

standard scores

scores that represent an individual's relative deviation from a mean of the standardization sample

personality tests

structured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality

psychoticism

tendencies to be percieved by others as cold and antisocial

introversion-extraversion

tendencies toward being solitary and reserved on the one end or outgoing and sociable on the other end

neuroticism

tendencies toward emotional instability, anxiety, and worry

five-factor model

the dominant contemporary trait model of personality, consisting of five broad personality factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

phrenolgy

the now-discredited view that one can judge a person's character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on their forehead

electra complex

the term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the form of the Oedipus complex in young girls

unconditional positive regard

valuing another person as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person's behavior at the specific time

situation variables

Mischel's term for environmental influences on behavior, such as rewards and punishments