Psychology Chapter 13
Huck is 3 years old and seems to struggle with his mother over everything; what to wear, when to take a bath, how to brush his teeth. According to Freud, which stage of development is he currently in?
Anal
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Collective Unconscious
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
Collectivist
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Defense Mechanism
Helena is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Helena's reaction to her children illustrates _____.
Displacement
According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the ______________ , seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways.
Ego; ID
Which theoretical perspective led to the new subfield of psychology known as positive psychology?
Humanistic
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
Oedipus Complex
What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genitalia
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality
Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors—assess several traits at once.
Personality Inventories
Baumeister and colleagues found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Freud called _____.
Projection
The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of this defense mechanism.
Projection
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Pschosexual Stages
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's _____ theory of personality emphasizes the influence of childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations.
Psychoanalytic
Research supports Freud's views of these defense mechanisms.
Reaction Formation; Projection
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Reciprocal Determinism
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called _______________.
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Repression
_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.
Rogers
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Self
Jason believes that he is funny, smart, tough, and persistent. These qualities make up his:
Self Concept
According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.
Self Transcendence
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Self-Serving Bias
A view of behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Proposed by Albert Bandura.
Social Cognative Perspective
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Thematic Apperception Test
___________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
Traits
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Unconditional Positive Regard
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Ego
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally developed to identify:
Emotional Disorders
a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups.
Empirically Derived
Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ personality; trait theorists sought to ____ personality.
Explain; Describe
Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability
In personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
Fixate
In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to _______________ at that stage.
Fixation
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Free Association
Elijah scored high on conscientiousness when given a personality inventory. As compared to people with lower conscientiousness scores, the _____ lobe in Elijah's brain is MOST likely to be _____.
Frontal; Larger
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs.
Hierarchy of Needs
Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.
Humanistic
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
ID
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
Identification
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Individualist
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
___________________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image by describing it or telling a story about it.
Projective
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
Projective Test
Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
Psychodynamic Theories
The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Rorschach Inkblok Test
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
Self Actualization
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Self Concept
When asked, "Who are you?" 15-year-old Samantha answers that she is a sophomore in high school, that her favorite music artist is Taylor Swift, and that her favorite television show is Once Upon a Time. She is describing her:
Self Concept
One's sense of competence and effectiveness.
Self Efficacy
The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called _______________________ .
Self Serving Bias
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on __________________________.
Social Interactions
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
Spotlight Effect
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of our moral compass" is related to the ____________________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
Superego
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Superego
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called ________________________.
Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Unconscious
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _____________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ________________.
Unconsciously; Anxiety