Psychology Chapter 13

Huck is 3 years old and seems to struggle with his mother over everything; what to wear, when to take a bath, how to brush his teeth. According to Freud, which stage of development is he currently in?

Anal

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

Collective Unconscious

Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

Collectivist

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Defense Mechanism

Helena is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Helena's reaction to her children illustrates _____.

Displacement

According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the ______________ , seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways.

Ego; ID

Which theoretical perspective led to the new subfield of psychology known as positive psychology?

Humanistic

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Oedipus Complex

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genitalia

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Personality

Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors—assess several traits at once.

Personality Inventories

Baumeister and colleagues found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Freud called _____.

Projection

The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of this defense mechanism.

Projection

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Pschosexual Stages

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's _____ theory of personality emphasizes the influence of childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations.

Psychoanalytic

Research supports Freud's views of these defense mechanisms.

Reaction Formation; Projection

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Reciprocal Determinism

Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called _______________.

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Repression

_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.

Rogers

In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Self

Jason believes that he is funny, smart, tough, and persistent. These qualities make up his:

Self Concept

According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Self Transcendence

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Self-Serving Bias

A view of behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. Proposed by Albert Bandura.

Social Cognative Perspective

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Thematic Apperception Test

___________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Traits

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Unconditional Positive Regard

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Ego

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was originally developed to identify:

Emotional Disorders

a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups.

Empirically Derived

Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ personality; trait theorists sought to ____ personality.

Explain; Describe

Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?

Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability

In personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Fixate

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to _______________ at that stage.

Fixation

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Free Association

Elijah scored high on conscientiousness when given a personality inventory. As compared to people with lower conscientiousness scores, the _____ lobe in Elijah's brain is MOST likely to be _____.

Frontal; Larger

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs.

Hierarchy of Needs

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Humanistic

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

ID

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Identification

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Individualist

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

___________________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image by describing it or telling a story about it.

Projective

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Projective Test

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Psychodynamic Theories

The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Rorschach Inkblok Test

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

Self Actualization

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Self Concept

When asked, "Who are you?" 15-year-old Samantha answers that she is a sophomore in high school, that her favorite music artist is Taylor Swift, and that her favorite television show is Once Upon a Time. She is describing her:

Self Concept

One's sense of competence and effectiveness.

Self Efficacy

The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called _______________________ .

Self Serving Bias

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on __________________________.

Social Interactions

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.

Spotlight Effect

Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of our moral compass" is related to the ____________________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

Superego

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Superego

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called ________________________.

Unconditional Positive Regard

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Unconscious

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _____________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ________________.

Unconsciously; Anxiety