Psychology Chapter 16, Psychology - Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

Free association

Sigmund Freud; operation of unconscious process; dream analysis

Random Sample

a group of subjects representing the population who are selected through chance.

addiction

a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug

dissociative identity disorder

a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving

antisocial personality

a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience

hallucinations

perceptions that have no direct external cause

Sample

the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies

Case Study

A research method involving the intensive examination of one or more participants

Reinforcement

A response behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Stratified Sample

A sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population

Stress

A person's reaction to his or her inability to cope with a certain tense event or situation.

Hypothesis

An assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research

Applied science

Discovering ways to use scientific finding to accomplished practical goals

Gestalt

A "whole pattern"; a movement in Psychology to understand/explain as a whole, rather than by parts

Denial

A coping mechanism in which a person decides that the event is not really a stressor.

Intellectualization

A coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint.

Scientific method

A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized

Meditation

A focusing of attention with the goal of clearing one's mind and producing an "inner peace".

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables or sets of data

Cognitivist

A psychologist that studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information influences out behavior

Humanist

A psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his future

Structuralism

A psychologist who studies basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences

Psychobiologist

A psychologist who studies how psychical and chemical changes our bodies

Psychoanalyst

A psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determined human behavior

Developmental psychologist

A psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitively biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures

Theory

A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study

Stressor

A stress-producing event or situation.

Anxiety

A vague, generalized apprehension or feeling of danger.

Career

A vocation in which a person works at least a few years.

Autonomy

Ability to take care of oneself and make one's own decisions.

Case study

Analysis of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a person

Psychiatry

Branch of medicine: the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Resynthesis

Combining old ideas with new ones and reorganizing feelings in order to renew one's identity.

Educational psychologist

Concerned with helping students learn

First goal of psychologist

Describe and gather information

Principles

Explanation why people or animals behave as they do

Mary Whiton Calkins

First female psychologist

Wilhelmina Wundt

First psychology lab; introspection

Developmental Friendship

Friends force one another to reexamine their basic assumptions and perhaps adopt new ideas and beliefs.

Physiological

Having to do with an organism's physical processes

Cognitive

Having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding

Counseling psychologist

Helps people deal with problems of living

Ivan Pavlov

Identified conditioned reflexes

Social Support

Information that leads someone to believe that he or she is are for, loved, respected, and a part of a network of communication and mutual obligation.

Behavior perspective

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist

John B. Watson; someone who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response vents

Forensic Psychologist

Legal, court, correctional system

Progressive Relaxation

Lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn.

Community psychologist

May work in a health or social welfare agency

Eustress

Positive stress, which results from motivating strivings and challenges.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalyst; Free association;

Clinical psychologist

Psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbance

Francis Galton

Published 'inquires into human faculty'

Nicklaus Copernicus

Published the idea that the earth was not the center universe, but revolved around the sun

Scientific method steps

Question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion, theory

B.F. skinner

Reinforcement

Psychology

Scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research.

Inheritable traits

Sir Francis Galton; includes all traits and properties that are passed along

Experimental psychologist

Someone's who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion in carefully controlled lab

Distress

Stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure.

Psychologist

Studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals

Health psychologist

Study interactions between physical health factors

Psychobiologists

Study the effects of drugs or try to explain behavior

Stress Reaction

The body's response to a stressor.

Dualism

The concept that the mind and the body are separate and distinct

Comparable Worth

The concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility.

Biofeedback

The process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled.

Cognitive Appraisal

The interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact.

Anger

The irate reaction likely to result from frustration.

René Descartes

The mind and body are one

Basic science

The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake

Fear

The usual reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined danger.

schizophrenia

a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions

Conflict Situation

When a person must choose between two or more option that tend to result from opposing motives.

Functionalist

William James; the principles of psychology; studies the function of human and animals adapting around them

Environmental psychologist

Work in business settings

dissociative disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness

dissociative fugue

a dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past

delusions

a false belief that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence

Survey

a research method in which information is obtained by asking many indivisuals a fixed set of questions

anxiety

a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks

Hypothesis

an educated guess about the relationship between two variables

phobia

an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

Variables

any factor that is capable of change

conversion disorder

changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function

bipolar disorder

disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression

post-traumatic stress disorder

disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks

personality disorders

maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one's environment

tolerance

physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect

somatoform disorder

physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause

Longitudinal Study

research method in which data are collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certian characteristics change or remain the same during development

Cross-Sectional Study

research method in which data are collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to change

Naturalistic Observation

research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering

major depressive disorder

severe form of depression that interferes with functioning, concentration, and mental and physical well-being

DSM-IV

the fourth version of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Experimental Group

the group to which an independent variable is applied

dissociative amnesia

the inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events

withdrawal

the symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted

psychological dependence

use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it