Psychology Chapter 16, Psychology - Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Free association
Sigmund Freud; operation of unconscious process; dream analysis
Random Sample
a group of subjects representing the population who are selected through chance.
addiction
a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug
dissociative identity disorder
a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving
antisocial personality
a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience
hallucinations
perceptions that have no direct external cause
Sample
the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies
Case Study
A research method involving the intensive examination of one or more participants
Reinforcement
A response behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Stratified Sample
A sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population
Stress
A person's reaction to his or her inability to cope with a certain tense event or situation.
Hypothesis
An assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research
Applied science
Discovering ways to use scientific finding to accomplished practical goals
Gestalt
A "whole pattern"; a movement in Psychology to understand/explain as a whole, rather than by parts
Denial
A coping mechanism in which a person decides that the event is not really a stressor.
Intellectualization
A coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint.
Scientific method
A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
Meditation
A focusing of attention with the goal of clearing one's mind and producing an "inner peace".
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables or sets of data
Cognitivist
A psychologist that studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information influences out behavior
Humanist
A psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his future
Structuralism
A psychologist who studies basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences
Psychobiologist
A psychologist who studies how psychical and chemical changes our bodies
Psychoanalyst
A psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determined human behavior
Developmental psychologist
A psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitively biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures
Theory
A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study
Stressor
A stress-producing event or situation.
Anxiety
A vague, generalized apprehension or feeling of danger.
Career
A vocation in which a person works at least a few years.
Autonomy
Ability to take care of oneself and make one's own decisions.
Case study
Analysis of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a person
Psychiatry
Branch of medicine: the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.
Resynthesis
Combining old ideas with new ones and reorganizing feelings in order to renew one's identity.
Educational psychologist
Concerned with helping students learn
First goal of psychologist
Describe and gather information
Principles
Explanation why people or animals behave as they do
Mary Whiton Calkins
First female psychologist
Wilhelmina Wundt
First psychology lab; introspection
Developmental Friendship
Friends force one another to reexamine their basic assumptions and perhaps adopt new ideas and beliefs.
Physiological
Having to do with an organism's physical processes
Cognitive
Having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding
Counseling psychologist
Helps people deal with problems of living
Ivan Pavlov
Identified conditioned reflexes
Social Support
Information that leads someone to believe that he or she is are for, loved, respected, and a part of a network of communication and mutual obligation.
Behavior perspective
Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist
John B. Watson; someone who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response vents
Forensic Psychologist
Legal, court, correctional system
Progressive Relaxation
Lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn.
Community psychologist
May work in a health or social welfare agency
Eustress
Positive stress, which results from motivating strivings and challenges.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalyst; Free association;
Clinical psychologist
Psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbance
Francis Galton
Published 'inquires into human faculty'
Nicklaus Copernicus
Published the idea that the earth was not the center universe, but revolved around the sun
Scientific method steps
Question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion, theory
B.F. skinner
Reinforcement
Psychology
Scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research.
Inheritable traits
Sir Francis Galton; includes all traits and properties that are passed along
Experimental psychologist
Someone's who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion in carefully controlled lab
Distress
Stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure.
Psychologist
Studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals
Health psychologist
Study interactions between physical health factors
Psychobiologists
Study the effects of drugs or try to explain behavior
Stress Reaction
The body's response to a stressor.
Dualism
The concept that the mind and the body are separate and distinct
Comparable Worth
The concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility.
Biofeedback
The process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled.
Cognitive Appraisal
The interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact.
Anger
The irate reaction likely to result from frustration.
René Descartes
The mind and body are one
Basic science
The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake
Fear
The usual reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined danger.
schizophrenia
a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions
Conflict Situation
When a person must choose between two or more option that tend to result from opposing motives.
Functionalist
William James; the principles of psychology; studies the function of human and animals adapting around them
Environmental psychologist
Work in business settings
dissociative disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness
dissociative fugue
a dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past
delusions
a false belief that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence
Survey
a research method in which information is obtained by asking many indivisuals a fixed set of questions
anxiety
a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks
Hypothesis
an educated guess about the relationship between two variables
phobia
an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation
Variables
any factor that is capable of change
conversion disorder
changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function
bipolar disorder
disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression
post-traumatic stress disorder
disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks
personality disorders
maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one's environment
tolerance
physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect
somatoform disorder
physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause
Longitudinal Study
research method in which data are collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certian characteristics change or remain the same during development
Cross-Sectional Study
research method in which data are collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to change
Naturalistic Observation
research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
major depressive disorder
severe form of depression that interferes with functioning, concentration, and mental and physical well-being
DSM-IV
the fourth version of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Experimental Group
the group to which an independent variable is applied
dissociative amnesia
the inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events
withdrawal
the symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted
psychological dependence
use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it