Unit 16: John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson (1961-1968)

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Cuba was under the control of Communist leader Fidel Castro, the plan was to overthrow Castro and his revolution; Kennedy agreed to send in a group of 1,500 Cuban exiles (La Brigada) to invade Cuba from the sea in the Bay of Pigs; the invasion was a horrible failure and it made the U.S. look weak and disorganized against the USSR; this event made the Cold War heat up

Apollo 11

a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mission in 1969 where Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon; the U.S. wins the Space Race in 1969 by walking on the moon

Berlin Wall

a concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, built by Nikita Khrushchev from the Communist East German government to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West

Due Process

a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

"Flexible Response"

a policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons

"War on Poverty"

Lyndon B. Johnson, declared this which created various legislation to help alleviate it's pressures in American cities; VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) was created by LBJ, which was a Domestic Peace Corps to help out impoverished Americans

The New Frontier Program

President John F. Kennedy's legislative program, which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program

The Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the United States

Nikita Khrushchev

led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War and served as premier from 1958 to 1964

Cuban Missile Crisis

the Soviets began building missile silos in Cuba; the U.S. blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from reaching the mainland; the Soviets and U.S. reach an agreement that USSR will remove missiles from Cuba if America removes missiles from Turkey; in the long-run, this stand-off displayed American superiority in the Cold War

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities were inherently unequal"; this ruling essentially desegregated schools

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

the Supreme Court ruled that evidence that is illegally obtained by the state may not be used against a defendant in court; (Search Warrants)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

the Supreme Court ruled that suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney when under police custody; (Due Process Clause)

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

the Supreme Court ruled that those who cannot afford an attorney will have one provided by the state; (Right to an Attorney)

Missile Gap

the perception by U.S. government officials that the U.S. trailed the Soviet Union in ballistic missile technology

Reapportionment

the redrawing of election districts to reflect changes in population