AP Bio Sem2 - U8/finals
In ecology, which of the following would most likely be considered a K-selected trait?
1
If a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx?
Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction.
Which factor poses the greatest threat to the loss of biodiversity in the open ocean marine ecosystems?
Overexploitation by humans
The area covered by tropical rainforest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and logging. Which of the following best describes a likely result of tropical rainforest deforestation?
Populations of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity.
Which of the following is an example of a human activity that is MOST likely to increase biodiversity in an ecosystem?
Removing non-native species
A hypothetical human population presently consists mostly of young people, and the average fertility rate of this population is 2.1 (and it is predicted to remain at 2.1 for the next 50 years). The emigration rate is stable in this population. Based on this information, which statement is correct?
1
People who move into an apartment near railroad tracks are awakened at night each time they hear a train go by. After about a week, they can sleep through the night, even though the trains continue to run on the same schedule.The change in their sleeping behavior is an example of
1
Which statement about the two hypothetical population curves (A. and B.) is correct?
1
Which statement best describes the difference between exponential and logistic growth?
123
Which of the following contributes the most to global warming?
23
The dashed line on the graph represents the
5
The average brood size per mated individual upon reintroduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following?
50
In the graphs below, the solid line represents the original population. The dotted line on which graph best represents the sheep population that would have resulted from a sustained increase in the primary productivity of the environment?
A
The figure below represents a food web in a particular ecosystem. Each letter represents a species. The arrows indicate the direction of energy flow. A photosynthetic organism would be represented by which species?
A
A naturalist studying competitive interactions between flower-visiting animals in a meadow observes that hummingbirds always prevent butterflies from feeding on blue flowers. What would most likely occur upon removal of hummingbirds from the meadow?
An increase in the realized niche of butterflies.
Why would a community in the early stages of secondary succession be less productive than a community in the later stages of secondary succession?
Because biomass is low, and communities with less biomass tend to be less productive.
Scientists have found that the existing populations of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and separated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of the amphibians?
Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated populations
Which of the following will NOT influence the carrying capacity of a particular area for a population of photosynthetic plants?
Carbon dioxide in the soil
Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a plant stem grows toward light?
Cells on the dark side of the stem elongate more than those on the lighted side.
Which of the following associations is the best example of commensalism?
Clownfish living among the poisonous tentacles of sea anemones.
Of the following species interactions, which one does not reduce population size?
Commensalism
Which statement about competition between two species is correct?
Competition always reduces the population size of at least one species.
Populations of organisms have the potential to increase at expoenential rates, yet most population growth fits a logistic model of growth. Why is this?
Density-dependent effects alter birthrate, death rate, or both.
Which point on the curve in the diagram above best represents the carrying capacity of the environment for the population shown?
E
Which of the following is the best example of the behavior unit known as a fixed action pattern (FAP)?
Egg retrieval in nesting geese
The population would be most likely to remain at the level shown at Q under which of the following conditions?
Environmental conditions do not fluctuate.
Testosterone oxido-reductase is a liver enzyme that regulates testosterone levels in alligators. One study compared testosterone oxido-reductase activity between male and female alligators from Lake Woodruff, a relatively pristine environment, and from Lake Apopka, an area that has suffered severe contamination. The graph above depicts the findings of that study. The data in the graph best support which of the following claims?
Environmental contamination reduces total testosterone oxido-reductase activity in females.
An ecologist measured the dynamics of a population of Blue Jays in a southern Ontario woodlot for several years. During her research she observed that as population size increased, the number of eggs laid by each female decreased. Based on this observation, which statement is most likely to be correct?
Fecundity is density-dependent
Over the last century, the population sizes of many animal and plant species have been rapidly declining due to human activities. Given this information, which evolutionary mechanism would most likely be affected by this change?
Genetic drift
The diagram below shows a simple food web. Which group of organisms is expected to have the highest overall productivity?
Grass
The most important human cause of the loss of biodiversity is attributable to which factor?
Habitat alteration and loss
Conservationists are concerned that many native terrestrial species have become rare because of recent human activities. Which activity is the most important cause today for the decline of native terrestrial species of plants and animals worldwide?
Habitat loss
In large aquatic systems, such as the Great Lakes of North America, environmental contaminants like DDT would be most concentrated in which animal?
Herring gull eggs
What is the most likely reason why the carrying capacity of the human population is difficult to estimate?
Humans alter their own environment more than other species do.
Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: Groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: Groups V and VI). After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?
I and II
A scientist used the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c in different species to consider evolutionary relationships. The data below summarize the number of differences in the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c found in selected species. Interpretation of the data supports which of the following statements?
I and II only
The diagram below shows the feeding interactions between four species. Which statement about the species interactions is correct?
If the pike were removed, the algae and damselfly populations would increase and herbivorous insects would decrease.
What is the best manipulation to undertake to achieve the goal of increasing the carrying capacity of a population of native (wild) plants in a given area (for example, a grassland habitat)?
Increase the availability of nutrients.
Within an ecosystem, which of the following best explains why organisms from higher trophic levels typically account for less biomass than those from lower trophic levels?
Inefficient energy transfer between producers and their consumers
What can be inferred from the data in the graph about the loss of calcium in the deforested watershed?
It appears to be correlated with the seasons.
Which statement about genetic drift is false?
It is dependent on the kind of genotype an individual possesses.
A/An ____________ species has an effect on the structure and functioning of an ecosystem which is greater than expected based on its abundance.
Keystone
A scientist used the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c in different species to consider evolutionary relationships. The data below summarize the number of differences in the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c found in selected species. Interpretation of the data supports which of the following statements?
Mammals are more closely related to reptiles than they are to fish.
Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C. elegans following the ARD introduced in the first experiment?
Mating with a well-fed male consistently produced more offspring than did reproduction via self-fertilization.
Ants and treehoppers (small, herbivorous insects) are often found living on the same plants. Treehoppers feed on sugary plant sap and excrete excess sugar, which ants collect and eat. A scientist measured the reproductive success of the treehoppers by recording how many young treehoppers were alive on plants. Some of the plants lacked ants; other plants were populated by ants throughout the experiment. The results are presented in the graph below. Based on these results, what type of species interaction is most likely occurring between the ants and the treehoppers?
Mutualism
The graph shows the population sizes reached by a population of flowering plants and a population of flies when they are raised alone and when they are raised together. Given this information, what is the best description of the relationship between the flowers and the flies?
Mutualism
Which of the following is an example of primary succession?
Soil formation in the crater of an extinct volcano
During the Late Pleistocene in North America, pine trees (dark shading in the figure below) colonized southern Ontario.This is an example of which biological process?
Succession
Which statement refers to a population which exhibits density-dependent growth?
Survival decreases as population size increases.
All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT:
The population of predators most often eliminates the population of prey.
A hypothetical human population presently consists mostly of young people, and the average fertility rate of this population is 2.1 (and it is predicted to remain at 2.1 for the next 50 years). The emigration rate is stable in this population. Based on this information, which statement is correct?
The population will experience an increase in size over the next 50 years, regardless of immigration rates.
Which of the following is most likely to occur if the burning of fossil fuels continues at the current rate?
The range (distribution) of species will shift
Which statement regarding demographic changes for the global human population during the last 6,000 years is most likely to be correct?
The value of the carrying capacity, K, has changed during the last 6,000 years.
The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40-year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?
The wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful.
Early spring flowers growing in a deciduous forest are adapted for that habitat in which of the following ways?
They take advantage of the greater amount of light available before the full development of tree leaves.
Which of the following characteristics would most favor a population whose individuals are randomly distributed throughout a landscape?
Uniformly distributed resources
To estimate the total amount of calcium lost annually by each of the two watersheds, it would be most useful to measure which of the following variables?
Volume of water flowing out of each watershed each day
The lionfish is a venomous fish found primarily in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In the 1990s, lionfish were accidentally released into the Atlantic Ocean, where they found abundant resources and favorable environmental conditions. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in the lionfish having a major impact on the communities into which they were introduced?
With no natural predators, the lionfish population will become very large.
In the year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifolia,a green alga used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C. taxifolia is known for aggressive growth and an ability to compete with sea grasses.It is currently on an international list of invasive species. Which of the following best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. taxifolia to the California coast?
Without natural herbivores or competitors,C. taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers.
Which figure best represents an age structure diagram for a population undergoing very rapid population growth?
c
Jorge's aquarium fish are fed every morning when Jorge gets out of bed. When a person approaches their tank, the aquarium fish often swim to the water's surface. Their behavior has probably formed through
classical conditioning.
Energy enters an ecosystem via photosynthesis and moves up through the ecosystem's trophic levels. All of this energy will be:
converted into heat, a type of energy unusable by life on Earth.
The Fisher's lovebird builds it nest with thin strips of vegetation that it cuts with its beak. A closely related species, the peach-faced lovebird, cuts shorter strips for its nests. When these two species are interbred, the hybrid offspring cut strips of intermediate length for their nests. These observations suggest that this aspect of nest building is
courtship
Closely related species often look similar but have courtship behaviors that are slightly different. One function of courtship in such species would be to
ensure that mating occurs between members of the same species.
Questions 5-8 refer to the graph below, which shows changes in a population of wild sheep that were introduced to the island of Tasmania in the early 1800's. The type of population growth represented by that portion of the graph line enclosed in the bracket is most accurately termed
exponential
The graph below shows changes in a population of wild sheep that were introduced to the island of Tasmania in the early 1800's. The type of population growth represented by that portion of the graph line enclosed in the bracket is most accurately termed
exponential
After a young duck imprints on a nonliving model of an adult duck, the young duck will
follow only that model
The process in which an animal stops responding to a repeated stimulus is called
habituation.
The population of the country shown in the figure above will most likely
increase for many years
Young sea turtles head for the ocean immediately after they hatch. This behavior is most likely
innate
Insight is a form of behavior that
involves applying something already learned to a new situation
The amount of energy produced by primary producers is always:
less than the amount of solar energy they absorb.
The geographic distribution of animals or plants in a population is:
most often clumped, with individuals gathered around resources such as food or mates.
If a dog that barks when indoors is always let outside immediately, it will learn to bark whenever it wants to go outside. This change in the dog's behavior is an example of
operant conditioning
Many animal trainers give rewards to an animal when it performs a behavior correctly. This type of learning is called
operant conditioning
In a simple ecosystem, a census of the population in four successive trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent
primary consumers
What ecological interaction between early eukaryotes and the prokaryotic lineage resulted in mitochondria?
symbiosis
Geese that are exposed to a moving box during the first two days after hatching will imprint on the box. Geese that are totally isolated from any moving objects during the same period will never imprint on anything. These results show that
the first two days after hatching are a critical period for imprinting in geese.
Questions 2-3 refer to the graph below, which illustrates a logistic growth curve for a population of Euglena. The population density at point Q indicates that
the reproductive rate equals the death rate
The graph below illustrates a logistic growth curve for a population of Euglena. The population density at point Q indicates that
the reproductive rate equals the death rate
